\N SCHOOL- OF PRACTIPEDICS
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PRACTIPEDICS
The Science of Giving Foot Comfort
and Correcting the Cause of
Foot and Shoe Troubles
Based on the Experience, Inventions
and Methods of
Dr. William M. Scholl
OF.
This extension course is official
only when the name of the student to
whom it is issued, and the seal of the
school, appears on this page.
Issued to and for the personal use
student no
AMERICAN SCHOOL OF PRACTIPEDICS
Chicago, U. S. A.
(COPYRIGHT 1917)
COPYRIGHT 1 91 7
BY
AMERICAN SCHOOL OF PRACTIPEDICS
V
LESSON No. 1
PRACTIPEDICS
( Prak-ti-pediks)
THE SCIENCE OF GIVING FOOT COMFORT
AND CORRECTING THE CAUSE OF
FOOT TROUBLES
This study is based on a broad principle and idea
of a definite, studied-out means of relieving foot ills
without encroaching upon or interfering with the
rights or practice of the physician, surgeon or chi-
ropodist.
The designation of Practipedic and the science it
covers is based principally on mechanics and mechan-
ical therapeutics as applied to the feet, although alle-
viation and prophylactic measures take an important
part. The time is not far distant when the Practiped-
ist will have every recognition and enjoy the prom-
inence, and scientific as well as social recognition of
his profession.
The numerous conditions of the feet to be found
needing the assistance as provided in practipedics will
at once secure the co-operation of physicians, sur-
geons and chiropodists, who will be only too glad to
send their patients to a man educated and qualified
by the study of this course.
It is essentially prepared for instructing shoe deal-
ers and their salesmen in the art of handling the feet,
giving them a practical knowledge of anatomy, phys-
iology and the normal use of the feet, with a complete
and practical outline on foot troubles and their cor-
rection by the methods used in the wide and success-
ful practice of Dr. William M. Scholl, foremost
authority on the mechanical treatment of deformities
of the foot.
The course, when mastered, will mean added power
to anyone who has to do with the feet. The principal
opening for the qualified Practipedist is in the shoe
store. Every foot-fitter — every shoe man can qualify
by carefully studying this course.
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
In beginning with the study of Lesson No. 1, please
bear in mind that the author has endeavored to handle
the subject in an elementary and understandable man-
ner, and, if the outline and suggestions are carefully
followed, there will be no difficulty in completing the
course with high honors.
This course of study is intended to qualify one to
scientifically fit shoes, appliances and other devices
that are designed and recommended for specific pur-
poses and nothing more. It gives no one the right to
give treatments, of any kind whatsoever and the in-
structors wish to make it clear that its graduates
should not deviate from the instruction given herein.
Nearly every State in the Union has laws govern-
ing the practice of Chiropody, and the giving of treat-
ments or the cutting of corns or callosities would be,
in most instances, a violation of the Chiropody Act.
Each and every student enrolled is duty bound to
do his best, to concentrate his efforts and to hon-
estly pursue his studies of the course until they are
completed.
The simplest way to proceed with the study is by
commencing with Lesson No. 1, thoroughly master-
ing it, and be able to answer the review questions be-
fore proceeding with Lesson No. 2. Then complete
Lesson No. 2 before studying Lesson No. 3. Then
when the entire five lessons have been studied by you
and you are ready to answer the examination ques-
tions notify this school and a set of examination ques-
tions and blanks for replies will be sent you. This
examination paper will then be corrected and graded
and you will be notified whether your grade is high
enough to entitle you to be graduated. Should it not
be, you can study further and then take a new exam-
ination. Do not send in answers to review questions.
Students are invited to write to the instructor of
the school on any point not clear.
AMERICAN SCHOOL OF PRACTIPEDICS
Chicago, U. S. A.
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
TO THE STUDENT:
The purpose of this course is to teach the funda-
mental basis of foot comfort, i. e., Anatomy, so as to
understand thoroughly the functioning of the normal
foot, to understand the positions and locations and
bones of the foot, the different types of feet, weak-
nesses and foot troubles and how they develop and
how they may be relieved and permanently corrected
by properly fitted shoes and scientifically constructed
and adjusted appliances.
This Home Study Course naturally requires study
and close attention, but as you progress you will find
many important points that you can make use of
every day. This is especially true of the shoe fitter.
The instructor advises every student to have a skel-
eton of the foot to refer to, if it can be obtained for
study purposes.
Study this lesson carefully and when you have com-
pleted your study, go over the review questions be-
fore proceeding with the study of Lesson No. 2.
American School of Practipedics
211 W. Schiller Street
Chicago, III.
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
ANATOMY
To the Student: Anatomy is a very important
branch of the study of Practipedics. It is very essen-
tial that you thoroughly understand the human foot
and the various parts that go to make it such an im-
portant and useful member. Please read carefully,
and refer to the easily understood illustrations as you
go along. If there are words you do not understand
the significance of, you should obtain a copy of the
^Dictionary of the Foot" so as to be able to properly
pronounce the words and understand their meaning.
LESSON No. 1
ANATOMY OF THE FOOT
The foot is composed of bones, muscles, ligaments,
tendons, nerves, arteries, veins, fat tissue substance,
skin and nails.
BONES
The skeleton or framework of the human foot con-
sists of twenty-six bones arranged so as to permit
considerable movement at the various joints.
The bones act as a framework or support to the
fleshy part. The study of the bones is very important,
particularly for the Practipedist, in that most all foot
troubles, such as treated by the Practipedist, result
from some abnormal positioning or displacement of
the various bones.
Another reason why the bones or framework should
be carefully studied is that they serve the purpose of
easily recognizing the cause of the ailment, because
in Practipedics, after relief is given the cause is cor-
rected.
The bones of the foot are irregular in shape and
vary in size from the largest bone, which is the Os
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
N2 Nff OlSTAl PHALANX
2ND MEDIAL PHALANX
18T DISTAL PHALANX-
1ST PROXIMAL phalanx!
2nd PROXIMAL PHALANX
3bd OISTAL PHALANX
3RO MEDIAL PHALANX
rd PROXIMAL PHALANX
4th DISTAL PHALANX
4th MEDIAL PHALANX
4th PROXIMAL PHALANX
5th DISTAL PHALAN
5th MEDIAL PHALANX
5th proximal phalanx,
1st metatarsal
2nd METATARSAL
, 3RD METATARSAL
, 4th METATARSAL
. 5th METATARSAL
, INTERNAL CUNEIFORM
MIDDLE CUNEIFORM
EXTERNAL CUNEIFORM
SCAPHOID
CUBOID
ASTRAGALUS
OS CALSIS
No. 1. Bones of the foot — a top view.
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
Calsis, measuring two and one-half inches long, to
the smallest, the Distal Phalanges, which are three-
eighths of an inch long.
The bones of the foot may be divided into three
sections known as the Tarsus, Metatarsus and Pha-
langes.
The Tarsus group of bones consists of the Os Cal-
sis, Astragalus, Scaphoid, internal Cuneiform, middle
Cuneiform, external Cuneiform and Cuboid, or a total
of seven bones.
METATARSUS
No. 2. Bones of the foot divided into three groups — Tarsus, Metatarsus
and Phalanges.
The Metatarsus consists of the five metatarsal
bones, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. No. 1 begins at the inside
or great toe side of the foot. These bones form the in-
step and forward or anterior end together with the
bones of the toes form the ball of foot.
INTERNAL
CUNEIFORM
METATARSALS
SESAMOID
SCAPHOID m ,
S IOS CALS
No. 3. Bones of the foot — inside view.
(Student will please refer to illustration No. 1 showing skeleton of
foot with the respective names of each bone, showing the top view.
Also illustration showing division of the bones of the foot,)
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
The Phalanges, or the bones of the toes, consist of
fourteen bones. There are three bones in each toe
except the great toe, which has but two.
The largest bone in the foot is the Os Calsis or
Heel Bone. It is to this bone that the big, heavy Ten-
don Achilles is attached. This tendon is a continua-
tion of the muscles of the calf of the leg which act as
a lift or leverage in raising the foot in the process of
walking.
No. 4. Showing bones of the thigh. Femur, and bones of the leg, Tibia,
Fibula and Patella, or knee cap. This also shows how the weight
is carried down into the foot.
There is a reason for there being so many bones
in the foot. It is to give numerous joints or articu-
lations which permit various movements and in that
way supply flexibility in walking, running or jumping.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
These numerous joints also have a tendency to break
the jar of sudden impact, which, if the foot was one
or two solid bones, might cause a fracture. Because
of these twenty-six bones and numerous joints, it is,
however, very easy for bone displacements to take
place.
■'■'A
VI
No. 5. To the student: This illustration will show how the entire weight
of the body is carried into the foot and is suspended by the high
point of the arch.
MUSCLES
Muscles supply the motive power for moving and
giving various motions to the foot and leg. Muscles
consist of fibrous tissue intermixed with nerves, blood
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vessels, arteries, etc., and are subject to nerve stimula,
which allows shortening and thickening, contracting
and extending, in order to provide the various move-
ments of the bones or framework.
OS CALSIS
*W
No. 6. This shows first layer of muscles on sole of the foot. These muscles
are attached to the Os Calsis and branch out to their tendons toward
the toes, where they are inserted. There are four layers of muscles
on the sole.
LIGAMENTS
All of the bones of the foot are held together at
their joints, or articulations, by numerous ligaments
of great strength and, while permitting only slight
movement of each joint, they do, however, provide
for considerable motion of the foot in its entirety.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
Ligaments consist of bands of flexible, inextensible,
fibrous tissue which connect the various bones and
limit the movements of the joints. The arch of the
foot is principally maintained in the passive state by
this fibrous structure.
When the ligaments become strained or stretched
and lose their tone, they allow the bones of the foot
to drop from their natural position, or articulation,
which is one of the causes of broken arch and flat foot.
Short plantar tig-;
Long plantar^/*
No. 7. Showing the long and short plantar ligaments and how they connect
and give support to the arch.
When this takes place the natural action of the
muscles, as explained above, is interfered with, and
in order to restore the strength and tone to the liga-
ments, it is necessary to relieve the strain and abnor-
mal pressure.
TENDONS
Tendons consist of fibrous cords (slightly flattened)
which are the continuation of the muscles. The func-
tion of a tendon is to attach the muscle to the bone
or bones to be moved.
(It is well for the student to observe the different
structures; bones that make up the skeleton frame-
work— muscles that supply the motive power for giv-
ing various motions — ligaments that hold together the
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
various joints or articulations and tendons that attach
the muscles to the bone or part to be moved.)
The Achilles Tendon is attached to the Os Calsis
or Heel Bone and is the largest and strongest tendon
in the foot or in the whole body.
US THIS
vtmitii'
fJJMT
No. 7A. Showing Achilles Tendon (Tendo Achilles) attached to heel sev-
ered to show relative size comparing with the other structures of
the leg.
This illustration also shows other muscles, arteries, veins, etc., of the leg.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR LESSON No. 1
To the Student:
After you have read this lesson it is well for you to
answer the following quiz or review questions. If
you are not able to fully answer any of the questions,
then please refer to the text until it is quite clear in
your mind. These review questions are not the ex-
amination but one or more of these questions may be
covered in the final examination, therefore it is well
to learn thoroughly the subjects as you go along.
(1) How many bones in the foot?
(2) What bones form the tarsus?
(3) What is the largest bone in the foot?
(4) How many bones in the toes?
(5) In what way do the bones in the little toe
differ from those in the great toe?
(6) What is the function of a muscle?
(7) What is the function of a ligament?
(8) What is a tendon?
Write the answers as you remember them, then
refer to text to prove you are correct.
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LESSON No. 2
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
TO THE STUDENT:
Now that you have completed Lesson No. 1 which
furnishes you with a basis of Anatomy, you are ready
to take up the one very important branch of Practi-
pedic work and that is the poise and balance of the
bodys weight through the different arches of the
foot.
In studying these lessons we suggest that you have
a member of your family remove their shoes so that
you may point out from the descriptions given in this
course the exact locations of the different arches and
in that way, it will be much easier for you to memo-
rize the names and their respective locations.
This is a short lesson and, when you have com-
pleted it, you may proceed with the study of Lesson
No. 3. By this method of study you will quickly ac-
quire a very complete knowledge of this important
subject.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
LESSON No. 2
ARCHES OF THE FOOT
To promote the elasticity of the foot, and to provide
strength and motion in walking, so that this collection
of twenty-six bones will be able to properly support
the weight of the body, they are arranged in the form
of arches. These arches are four in number:
The Inner Longitudinal Arch, No. 1
The Outer Longitudinal Arch, No. 2
The Anterior Metatarsal Arch, No. 3
The Transverse Arch, No. 4
INNER LONGITUDINAL ARCH
The Inner Longitudinal Arch is the one most rec-
ognized by the general public as being the arch of
No. 8. Showing the inner longitudinal arch commencing at the Os Calsis
forward to the first metatarso-phalangeal joint. This is the long
arch of the foot.
the foot, and while this arch has a very important
bearing on foot troubles, the other three are very im-
portant and must be very carefully considered by the
student.
The Inner Longitudinal Arch commences at the
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
inner border of the Os Calsis from behind and ex-
tends forward to the first metatarsal. It is composed
of the Os Calsis, Astragalus, Scaphoid, Internal Cu-
neiform, and first metatarsal.
This arch is supported by ligaments and plantar
fascia which stretches across the concavity like a
No. 9. Showing the outer longitudinal arch from the Os Calsis to the fifth
metatarso-phalangeal joint. (Student will please note that the ele-
vation of the outer longitudinal arch is very slight.)
bow string across a bow, which gives it elasticity and
allows it to return to its original length each time
weight is thrown upon it.
OUTER LONGITUDINAL ARCH
The Outer Longitudinal Arch follows the line of the
inner longitudinal arch except that it is on the outside
of the foot. It extends from the Os Calsis or heel
bone to the head of the fifth metatarsal and is formed
by the Os Calsis, Cuboid, and fifth Metatarsal. It is
well to remember, in this arch, that the elevation is
only very slight and that the high point of the inner
longitudinal arch at the Astragalus diminishes to the
No. 10. Showing the Anterior Metatarsal Arch. This arch extends trans-
versely between the first and fifth metatarsal head.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
ANTERIOR
METATARSAL ARCH
TRANSVERSE
ARCH
No. 11. Showing the bones of the foot, top view. First pointer shows the
position of the Transverse Arch and second pointer shows the loca-
tion of the Anterior Metatarsal Arch.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
outer longitudinal arch where there is just a slight
space when the person stands barefooted on the floor.
The Anterior Metatarsal Arch is also very impor-
tant. It extends between the first and fifth metatar-
sal bones. It is formed by the heads of the 1st, 2nd,
3rd, 4th and 5th metatarsals. When this arch is nor-
mal there is a perfect dome-like shaping between the
great toe joint and the little toe joint.
The Transverse Arch extends across the foot, be-
tween the Cuboid and Internal Cuneiform bone. This
arch is frequently affected when there is a breaking
down of the longitudinal arch posteriorly. (Posterior
means the backward part and Anterior meaning the
forward part.)
Student: Observe that the purpose of these arches
is to increase strength and elasticity to the foot at the
same time to provide a hollow space for protecting the
muscles, nerves, arteries and veins from pressure.
For if these arches are depressed they at once inter-
fere with other natural functions.
USE OF THE FOOT
The author's definition of a normal foot is one that
performs its functions and attends to the work im-
posed upon it without discomfort or pain; one that
has generally natural lines, in that the bones are not
displaced and that the four arches are perfectly
formed, and the external surfaces of the foot free
from excrescences and abnormal growths, such as
corns, bunions, callouses, protruding or prominent
joints, etc.
The foot is intended to carry the body's weight and
it should do so, gracefully, comfortably and naturally,
if it is normal.
Why should people's feet tire any more than their
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
hands? The foot is constructed for the purpose of
taking the weight of the body, carrying it and doing
so comfortably. If there are pains, discomforts, and
fatigue, the foot is not normal and therefore requires
a scientific application of Practipedic treatment.
No. 12. The black dots show the three bearing points of the normal foot
which are the Os Calsis, the first metatarso-phlangeal joint and
the fifth metatarso-phalangeal joint. This gives the foot the tri-
pod bearing points.
Now consider the disturbing influences which cause
foot troubles. How a person may overwork, may
stand on their feet excessively, long hours, may wear
too tight shoes, short shoes, pointed toe and ill-fitting
hosiery or take on weight suddenly, all of which go
to distort the feet and cause abnormal conditions.
(The student now having an understandable knowl-
edge of the structure of the foot should refer to the
illustrations in the preceding lessons or obtain a
human skeleton of the human foot in order to more
closely study this framework and its action.)
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR LESSON No. 2
To the Student:
In this lesson you have covered a very important
section in the study of Practipedics, and so that you
will have no difficulty in thoroughly understanding
all of the different points contained in this lesson,
the instructor asks you to be particular to be able to
answer all of the following review questions. It will
be very useful to you as you go along. It is further
suggested as a help that you remove your shoes and
note the location of these arches on your own feet.
(1) How many arches in the foot?
(2) Name them.
(3) Where is the inner longitudinal arch located?
(4) What bones form the transverse arch?
(5) What bones form the anterior metatarsal
arch?
(6) Why is it so important to thoroughly under-
stand the arches of the foot?
(7) How many bearing points in a normal foot?
27
LESSON No. 3
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
TO THE STUDENT:
This lesson will be given up to the study of abnor-
malities— the underlying causes of foot troubles. You
will notice that in each instance there is an involve-
ment of the bones or framework of the foot. This is
very important for you to understand. Every man
who fits feet, sells shoes or has to do with footwear
should possess the knowledge that you have now
gained and put it to practical application.
Without a question of a doubt the information and
knowledge that you will gather from this lesson is of
the most importance that you have to understand.
There are so many persons suffering from conditions
which are described in this lesson that you will be
amazed at the amount of work that you will have to
do under this particular subject.
After you have thoroughly studied this lesson and
correctly answered the review questions, you may
proceed with Lesson No. 4. Please do not "skip"
through the course, but study it methodically as out'
lined by the instructor.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
LESSON No. 3
WEAK OR FALLEN ARCH— WEAK FOOT
When the ligaments, which hold the bones form-
ing the arch in their natural arched positions, become
strained or lose their tone, a condition of weak or
fallen arch results. This is strictly a weakened foot
condition. You will find this condition among men
and women, probably more among the latter.
The weak foot condition is the first stage of a con-
dition later developing into broken down arch or flat-
foot. This early stage is more prevalent and is less
understood and recognized by the public. It is, never-
theless, a condition that the Practipedist should be
careful to recognize and apply the proper corrective
appliances so as to prevent the more serious and ad-
vanced stage of foot weakness.
It is well for the student to understand, while on
this subject, that the weak foot and flat foot condi-
tions can be divided into several stages of develop-
ment:
No. 1 — Weak foot, the early stage of.
No. 2 — Weak foot where there is a structural
change in the contour present.
No. 3 — Weak foot where the arch is somewhat flat-
tened when the patient stands.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
No. A — Advanced flat-foot where the foot has lost
its natural arching and assumes a flattened condition.
No. 13. This sketch shows a typical case of weak foot where the arch is
somewhat flattened.
By classifying these stages you will be able to more
quickly recognize the different defects and know that
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
in many cases there is need for a scientifically ad-
justed appliance, even though the outward appearance
of the foot is nearly normal, such as you will find in
Condition No. 1.
Fig. A
No. 14. Sketches show approximate position of foot in shoe. Please note
A and B.
(A) Showing approximate position of bones in a normally
arched foot and how by being properly arched the foot is
held up and toe is kept away from end of shoe.
Fig. B
CB) Showing relative position of bones in a weak arch and how
it permits the foot to elongate and be pushed into the toe
of the shoe.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
WEAK FOOT
When the shoes are removed, the feet may appear
perfectly normal; in fact, in many cases, the arches
are high and appear well developed while there is,
however, a flabbiness and loss of tone to the tissues.
SYMPTOMS
The person will complain of tiring and tenderness
in the heels, a tendency to sudden turning of the ankle,
and occasionally the ankles become swollen and pain-
ful. Constant standing or walking causes general
discomfort in the feet. Tiredness saps vitality and is
No. 15. Showing a weak foot with very normal shape of inner longitudinal
arch.
due to the weakness and strain on the foot structures.
The foot usually slides forward into the toe of the
shoe, causing discomfort to the toes. The customer
will also complain that the shoes do not fit and feel
comfortable. There is a tendency for the ankles to
rotate. The feet sometimes burn on the soles and are
extremely tender, while in other cases the feet appear
cold and uncomfortable in that way. Another symp-
tom is callouses along the great toe on the ball of the
foot.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
CAUSES
The cause of weak foot is practically the same as
flat-foot. Flat-foot is the advanced stage of weak foot
which develops into the flattened condition. There
are many causes. Those who do much standing in
one position or do much walking are subject to this
condition. Improper shoes and improperly fitted
shoes weaken the foot structures. Occupational
causes seem to be very prevalent. Those who are
compelled to stand long hours on their feet, such as
waiters, barbers, mail carriers, clerks in stores, cooks,
machinists, bar-tenders, and policemen are all sub-
ject to foot strain, which later develops into a condi-
tion of flat-foot. Overwork, strain, constant wrench-
ing, causing injury, illness, etc., which weakens the
tissues, are all causes. Adults who take on increased
weight suddenly, or those who carry heavy weights,
all of which causes undue strain on the ligaments
and muscles of the arch, are apt to find that these
bring about weak foot conditions.
Favoring a certain portion of the foot, to escape
the pain of a corn, callous or bunion, or throwing
the weight on to one foot because of an injury or
painful condition of the other foot, changing from
one style of shoe to another, wearing short and
pointed toe hosiery, changing from a high heel to a
low heel causes abnormal strain and weakness.
Among children, it is caused by rapid growth and
acquiring abnormal weight before the structures
have accommodated themselves to additional strain.
This condition is frequently present among children
between the ages of five and fourteen.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
DIAGNOSIS
Cases of weak foot can be diagnosed, first, from
the symptoms as outlined above. Second, by asking
questions. Third, by manual examination, as palpa-
tion and twisting of the foot. Fourth, examining the
shoes. It is very easy to notice whether the shoe is
spread out of shape, whether the heels are run down,
and if the shanks have lost their natural arched shape.
It should be borne in mind that in stage No. 1, when
the shoe is removed the foot will look practically nor-
mal, and therefore the early stage of weak foot should
be diagnosed from the symptoms and queries put to
the customer such as:
Do your feet tire? Do the soles of your feet burn?
Are they tender? Do your toes feel cramped? Have
you weak ankles? Do you tire easily after much
standing or walking? Do your feet perspire?
Then examine the foot. By putting pressure on
the head of the first metatarsal while you grasp the
No. 16. Testing the foot for weak arch. With one hand take hold of the
heel and with the other hand bring pressure against the ball and
also manipulate to see how much resistance there is to the structures.
heel, you can see whether there is much weakness
present and whether it is in the first or second stage
of development. Always look at the customer's old
shoes very carefully. They often give you an idea.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
PRACTIPEDIC CORRECTION
The first thought is to give comfort to the wearer
and to prevent further development of the weakened
foot condition. This is done by fitting the light,
springy appliance — Dr. ScholTs Foot-Eazer.
No. 17. Showing application of Foot-Eazer to a weakened arch. It should
be arched high enough to fit snugly into the cavity of the arch.
The correct size should be first selected and it
should then be fitted to meet the contour of the foot
arched quite highly so as to support the bone struc-
ture and prevent further strain and tension on the
already weakened or deficient foot structures.
The Foot-Eazer is of double spring construction so
that the top plate slides easily on the under spring,
giving firm support, yet permitting a certain amount
of flexibility and motion so as to stimulate muscular
activity. The foot should be carefully measured to
ascertain if the patient is wearing the proper size
shoe, so that the ball of the foot will set at the broad
part of the tread or at the inner shank curve.
In addition, look to the stocking. If the customer
has been wearing short or pointed toe stockings they
should be told to wear a kind that will overcome any
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
restriction and permit free use of the foot and toes.
See Lesson No. 5 for use of arch fitting machine to
do adjusting of appliances to the individual foot.
WEAK FOOT WHERE THERE IS A STRUC-
TURAL CHANGE IN THE CONTOUR
PRESENT
In this stage, when the customer stands, there is a
slight tipping in at the inner border of the arch or
ankle joint. The foot also elongates quite consider-
ably when weight is placed upon the feet. There is
a slight spreading. The outer longitudinal arch is
flattened so that the Cuboid bone, the heel and the
fifth metatarsal practically touch the floor. (This
outer longitudinal arch, remember, should be slightly
arched without touching the floor when standing.)
SYMPTOMS
Symptoms in this stage are practically the same as
those already described except that they become
slightly more acute, because as soon as the structural
change takes place the natural balance of the foot is
interfered with and strain is thrown onto the various
parts of the foot.
No. 18. Showing a weakened arch with enlargement at the great toe joint
and bunion formation.
In this stage greater weight is thrown upon the first
metatarso-phalangeal joint which often produces a
redness, tenderness and even swelling. The toes are
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
cramped, shoes are thrown out of shape and the pa-
tient complains of extreme discomfort, rotating of the
ankle outward or inward is noticeable. There are
pains through the heel and ankle, often swelling.
Pressure on the arch will cause it to slightly flatten.
The heels of the shoes are worn crooked. The per-
No. 18A. Showing bones of weakened arch foot; how it looks with weight
on foot.
son will complain that walking over rough pavements
or cobblestones or on rough, uneven surfaces will
cause wrenching and pain on the sole. There is also
tenderness and sometimes pain or a callosity along
the edge of the fifth metatarsal extending out to the
ends of the toes. Callouses also appear around the
heel and on the ball of the foot.
CAUSES
The causes are practically the same as weak foot
in the early stage, as previously explained. Of course,
after the foot has become even slightly weakened the
condition advances more rapidly because the same
feeling of support which the shoe counter gives is
lost and with the disturbance of the balance or poise
of the foot the strain becomes more severe.
Then again, where there is a weakened longitu-
dinal arch, it naturally causes a spreading trans-
versely, forcing down the outer longitudinal arch,
causing that much more strain to the ligaments.
DIAGNOSIS
In addition to putting the queries to the patient,
examine the foot carefully. You will find tender and
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
painful areas. These can be located by pressing
with your thumb or index fingers over the different
areas of the foot, such as the tuberosity of the heel,
where the plantar ligament and fascia is attached.
There is usually slight pain or tenderness there,
then causing pressure at the different metatarsal heads
commencing at the first metatarso-phalangeal joint
by manipulating the great toe. See if there is ten-
derness in the outer longitudinal arch. Have the pa-
tient stand and notice if the weight causes the ankles
to turn in or out and if the arches are lower.
No. 19. Showing a weak foot where structural change has taken place. In
these cases the Astragalus rotates inward and in examinations you
can notice the prominence of these bones.
Again examine the shoe. Note if there is any swell-
ing through the ankle or through the foot. Ask your
customer questions that will lead up to this. It is very
easy to diagnose this condition because there is in-
variably callous formation, burning or tenderness on
the soles, and the patient usually complains of the
shoes being the cause. It is a fact that persons hav-
ing this trouble will blame their shoes.
Run your hands inside the shoe and notice if there
are any depressions or wrinkles caused by uneven
distribution of the weight and a tendency for the foot
to stretch out because in this stage the arch weakens
and allows the foot to elongate and stretch more than
in the normal.
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In this stage will be found also many complaints
of short shoes. The patient will be fitted to a shoe
sufficiently long, and in a few days' time complain
that they are too short. Therefore, it is well for the
Practipedist to set a rule where there are complaints
of short shoes to make examination for the secondary
stage of weak foot.
PRACTIPEDIC CORRECTION
Treatment is practically the same as given in con-
dition No. 1. The Foot-Eazer or Tri-Spring arch
should be applied. If the person is quite heavy and
the weakness quite pronounced the Tri-Spring Arch
Support should be applied. It gives a wider base for
No. 20. Showing the Foot-Eazer fitted with weight on the foot.
support. In these cases the appliances should be fitted
up into the contour of the arch so as to at once sup-
port the bone structures and remove the strain on
the ligaments and fascia. In this stage the appliances
should be fitted to hold the foot into a nearly nor-
mal shape. If the arch is fitted up quite closely to
the arch proper there will be less uncomfortable feel-
ing than if it is lowered so that the weak foot is forced
down to meet the elevation of the appliances. The
operator should take care when selecting the Foot-
Eazer or Tri-Spring Arch Support as is best indicated.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
Again, hosiery and footwear should be given care-
ful consideration, and in this condition where the
weakness is more pronounced it is well to advise the
use of Dr. Scholl's Granulated Foot Soap, Dr. SchoH's
Foot Balm and Antiseptic Foot Powder. These three
articles should constitute the home treatment for the
patient to use and are essential in obtaining the best
results from the use of the appliances.
No. 21. Showing the Foot-Eazer inside the shoe and how it spans the weight
from heel to ball. This corrective appliance must not rely upon the
strength or the shank of the shoe in making corrections.
This treatment first thoroughly cleanses and opens
the pores of the skin, stimulates the circulation and
tones up the muscles and prevents an accumulation
of unhealthy skin secretions, keeping the feet soft and
pliable. The Foot Balm is a most excellent massage
cream and relieves painful conditions of the muscles
and joints.
WEAK FOOT, WHEN THE ARCH IS SOME-
WHAT FLATTENED WHILE THE
PATIENT STANDS
In this stage, the sufferer usually resorts to some
home treatment or purchases shoes, has rubber heels
applied and often resorts to liniments and external
applications. In this stage, one surely recognizes that
there is something wrong with the feet, while in the
other two conditions just described persons very fre-
quently are of the opinion that the discomfort and
pain is from a natural cause and is produced by the
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
No. 22. Showing flat-foot and rotated ankle.
shoe or should be present as a result of over-exertion
(or more than usual use of the feet).
SYMPTOMS
There is considerable pain present in all parts of
the foot. There is invariably a tenderness or painful
condition at the tuberosity of the Os Calsis or heel.
There is likewise a painful condition at the great toe
joint. There is pain present upon motion of the foot,
swelling about the ankles, pains extending into the
calves of the legs, knee and often into the thigh. The
feet are hot and feverish and are often so swollen that
it is impossible for the person to wear his shoes.
In other cases there is a clumsy, stiff feeling in
the feet upon arising in the morning; in fact, it is
frequently practically impossible for the patient to
stand barefooted until slight and careful motions have
gradually been made. It is not until after the person
has done a little walking that the stiffness disappears.
Then the pain is less severe until the middle of the
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
afternoon, when it becomes quite pronounced, and the
first thought of the sufferer is to get home and be
able to remove the shoes.
By elevating the feet they are made more com-
fortable. In this stage, callouses are present, as in
Condition No. 2. The feet perspire profusely, espe-
cially around the heels.
No. 23. Showing tender spots and callous formation caused by weakened
arch and flat-foot condition. These callouses are caused by uneven
distribution of the body's weight and these tender spots and callouses
are one of the symptoms of a weakened arch condition.
It is not unusual to notice the lining of the shoe
destroyed from this excessive perspiration. The per-
son walks with a slouchy, dragging gait. The toes are
turned outward. The heels are worn down at the
inner border. The soles are worn through at the
base of the first metatarsal, and often the toe end of
the sole is stubbed off. Shanks are broken down and
frequently the Anterior Metatarsal Arch is involved.
There is a cramping of the toes.
In nearly every instance the third, fourth and fifth
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toes are slightly contracted and corns form on the
top of the joints. Persons in this stage complain of
pains simulating rheumatism. They frequently attend
bathing resorts and take rheumatic cures.
CAUSES
Again the causes are practically as outlined in the
beginning of this lesson. The student will soon ac-
quire sufficient knowledge so that he will add to the
list of cases from his actual experience. It is well
to obtain as much information from the patient as
is possible but to keep on the lookout for improperly
fitted shoes, pointed toe stockings, constant standing
or walking, standing in one position, favoring the
No. 24. Testing the foot to see if there is any rigidity or adhesions in the
region of the arch.
feet to escape pressure on a corn or callous, heavy
weight bearing, such as heavy people, wearing of
ordinary rubber heels, debilitated physical condition,
etc. These are the principal causes.
In some cases the patient may have had rheumatic
neuritis which caused a weakness of the feet. Again
venereal disease will cause erosion at the articulating
joints, producing weakness and pain. Again pus ab-
sorption from ulcerated teeth, infected tonsils, etc.,
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
which is deposited into the weakened structures, may
cause erosion and pain.
PRACTIPEDIC CORRECTION
In this stage, treatment is practically the same as
Nos. 1 and 2 except that where structural changes
have taken place more support must be given. The
object is to lift the misplaced and depressed bones
to their true positions. This, of course, must be done
gradually so that the appliances, although allowing
certain springiness, should be of a substantial char-
acter and designed to firmly uphold the bones and
remove the strain and tension on the ligaments and
muscles.
No. 25. Showing Tru-Span arch support with reinforcement for severe cases.
Dr. Scholl's Tri-Spring Arch Support is best indi-
cated in these cases. The Tru-Span style affords
slightly additional amount of corrective pressure in
that the plate is a trifle wider and higher at the inner
border of the flange.
A Foot-Eazer of course may be used where the case
is not so severe and the person not so heavy, or it can
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
be applied as a preliminary treatment, and later on
apply Dr. Scholl's Tru-Span Arch Support.
In these cases the pressure should not be too severe,
because when the bones are pressed down and forced
out of their normal positions they must again be lifted
up and brought back without causing discomfort to
the patient.
In this stage, muscular action is greatly interfered
with by the pressing down of the misplaced bony
framework. The arteries and nerves are not protected
and, therefore, have abnormal pressure and strain
thrown upon them. In all of these cases, the object
WIDE DURABLE
SUPPORTING PLATE
•SQrLLKATHER COVER
BOTH SPRINGS LOOSE HERE
EASY AND SPRINGY TO WEAR
No. 26. Showing Foot-Eazer construction with a free sliding contact at the
forward end. This feature permits adjustability and springiness
to the foot.
of the Practipedist should be to remove the cause
and bring about normal functioning. Muscles can-
not properly perform their duty if there is a strain
and pressure brought to bear on them and the nerves.
Now, by fitting one of the appliances as designated
above, the strain is taken from the ligaments and,
the bones being replaced to their positions, natural
muscular action and development takes place as soon
as the obstructions are removed. In these cases, the
home treatment should always be recommended. The
tender joints or calloused spots should be protected
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
from further pressure and irritation by applying the
proper size Absorbo Pads.
It should be borne in mind that where correction
is provided for these abnormal conditions, or for strain
and deformity, that the appliances may cause some
slight discomfort or annoyance to the patient.
After you have carefully observed all the rules for
fitting the appliances, and after having placed them
in the shoe, if the customer complains of pressure or
pain at any one point, the appliances should be again
removed and a further slight adjustment made. It
is well to send the customer out of the store feeling
perfectly comfortable and contented with the me-
No. 27. Showing correct length of Foot-Eazer as applied to the bare foot.
chanical help that you have provided. This may
require a little more effort, and occasionally a slight
lowering or raising of the appliances at some given
point, but it is well worth the effort. Have the cus-
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
tomer return once every ten days to two weeks to
make further adjustment if it is needed.
However, there are cases under this same heading
where the supports can be fitted too low, compelling
the high point of the foot to be forced down to come
in contact with the resistance or elevation of the high
point of the appliance. In that case it is necessary
to elevate the support still higher to meet the high
point of the arch.
ADVANCED FLAT-FOOT WHERE THE
FOOT HAS LOST ITS NATURAL
ARCHING AND ASSUMES A FLAT-
TENED CONDITION
This condition can be subdivided into the rigid
type of flat-foot and the flexible type of flat-foot. In
the former, the tarsus of the foot is practically rigid.
It is due to long existence of the condition so that
No. 28. Advanced case of flat-foot.
false adhesions have been made and Nature in her
attempt to provide use of the deformed condition has
filled in the spaces between the joints so that there
is little or no motion present.
In the latter, the foot may assume an entirely flat-
tened position, but there is motion and slight move-
ment at the various articulations. In these cases the
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
ligaments supporting the longitudinal arches have
become so stretched that they are unable to hold
together or hold the bones in their natural arched
positions and the weight of the body then crushes
No. 29. Top— showing the bones of a perfectly formed arch and the relative
position of the bones in a severe case of fiat-foot. Bottom — show-
ing a weakened arch with weight upon it and position it assumes
when the person stands.
down interfering with muscular action and gradually
the arch, instead of being arched, is entirely flattened.
This is what is rightly termed flat-foot or broken
down arch.
SYMPTOMS
Rheumatic-like pains all through the feet and an-
kles. A shuffling, dragging gait. The patient usually
drags the feet more or less, the toes being turned
slightly outward. Pains radiate through the ankles,
heels and into the limbs and knees. There are often
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
corns and many callous spots present and if the foot
is manipulated by grasping the heel with one hand
and the forepart of the foot with the other the pains
will be noticed. By giving slight twisting great pain
is noticed. The elasticity and springiness of the step
is lost, the equilibrium and balance of the body
through the flattening of the arch is impaired. Nerv-
No. 30. Top. Showing normal shaped arch. Bottom. Showing flat foot
condition.
ousness and droop shoulder often result and the cir-
culation is greatly impaired so that the feet are cold,
numb and congested, while in other cases they per-
spire excessively.
There are soft corns, enlarged joints at the big and
little toe. The shanks of the shoes are broken down,
throwing wrinkles around the top, the soles are worn
off at the inner border. This condition is found among
men, women and children in all walks of life, but
more frequently among those who remain long hours
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
on their feet and also among the poor and laboring
classes, as it is the natural outcome of neglected weak
foot.
CAUSES
Same as already explained in weak foot, except
that it is the result of neglect, sometimes in early
No. 31. Flat-foot with Metatarsalgia. Note how the toes are drawn back
and corns are forming on the top of the joints.
childhood and other times at adolescence. It is well
for the student to recognize in his own mind the im-
portance of this statement, and he should exert him-
self in recognizing the condition before it develops
to such a severe stage.
It has been stated by many with acquired flat-foot
in the last stages that it was hereditary. This is
hardly possible but is more apt to be the result of
acquired flat-foot development during childhood, so
that in later years the sufferer would naturally be
of the opinion that it was of hereditary origin.
It is therefore well for the student again to remem-
ber that flat-foot can be prevented by caring for the
feet of growing children from the time they begin
to walk until they are fully developed. So called
weak ankles, pigeon toe, toeing out, knock knees are
most always the result of weakened foot structures,
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
and the child should be fitted with Dr. SchoH's Re-
form or Uplift arch supports or the Foot-Eazer.
DIAGNOSIS
It is not difficult to diagnose this condition because
of the marked outward appearance. In fact, Fiat-
Foot can be recognized on the street by the shuffling
gait, by the way the shanks of the shoe are broken
out and by the clumsy carriage of the sufferer.
No. 32. Showing how the bones of the arch are forced down and out of
alignment.
PRACTIPEDIC CORRECTION
These cases require careful adjustment and fitting
of Dr. Schoirs Tri-Spring Arch Support or Tru-Span
Arch Support. They should be lowered so as to exert
No. 33. Showing sectional view of foot and how bones of arch are correctly
supported with Dr. Scholl's Tri-Spring Arch Support.
only slight pressure. In fact, they should not be
higher than the present arching of the foot and by
beginning at that low point can be gradually raised
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
so that slight pressure is exerted which will have a
tendency to break up the adhesions.
On this point it is well to know that frequently you
come in contact with cases where the customer states
that his feet cause him no pain, even though admitting
that he or she is flat-footed. In these cases, point out
that it is the weak point of his anatomy and in cases
of illness or infection or any physical disturbance the
weak part is the first involved. Furthermore, as the
OVAL RIVET HOLTTO
ADMIT ADJUSTMEMT
TRIPLE SPRING
No. 33A. Showing Tri-Spring Arch Support with triple spring reinforce-
ment.
person advances in age the tissues are not as strong
and the resistance is lessened, and you will be enabled
to give permanent comfort and relief by taking the
precaution of being fitted to arch supports, as desig-
nated above, even though you may not possibly be
able to cure the deformity. Furthermore, these ap-
pliances, fitted to this severe rotated type condition,
will hold the foot up and prevent it from sliding for-
ward into the toe of the shoe, also preventing break-
ing down of the shank of the shoe.
In the flexible state, or where there is some motion
upon manipulation, more elevation and support can
be given, commencing with a low elevation and grad-
ually increasing the elevation. It is very important
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
to recommend the use of Dr. ScholFs "3" Necessities
Home Treatment and to wear shoes and hosiery that
will not in any possible way restrict the full use of
the foot.
No. 34. Tru-Span Arch Support fitted to the foot. This support is intended
for severe cases, and where a very substantial and durable support
is required.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
TO THE STUDENT:
This is a very important part of the course. It is
well to review carefully so that the principal points
will become thoroughly clear and fixed in your mem-
ory. The work of relieving conditions covered in these
lessons gives you wonderful opportunity as a very
large percentage of men, women and children are
sufferers. Decide to be on the alert and to carefully
examine every foot. Look at the shoe ask the customer
questions. You at once create an impression that you
are interested in giving your customers foot comfort
and that you possess more than ordinary knowledge
on the subject of the foot.
The proper way of fitting these appliances will be
fully described in another lesson.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
Answer the following review questions before pro-
ceeding with Lesson No. 4. The instructor suggests
that you write the answers and then refer back to text
to prove they are correct.
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR LESSON No. 3
(1.
(2.
(3.
(4-
(5.
(6.
(7-
(8.
(9.
(10.
(11.
What is weak foot condition?
How many conditions of weak or flat foot are
there?
Describe each condition.
What are the symptoms of weak foot?
How would you diagnose a case of weak foot?
What would be a practipedic treatment?
In addition to mechanical appliance, what
other treatment would you recommend to
your customer, and why?
What are the symptoms of severe flat foot?
What is the method of correction?
In what way does a severe case of flat foot
differ from an early case of weak foot?
Why would you look to the matter of hosiery
and shoes in treating flat foot?
57
LESSON No. 4
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
TO THE STUDENT:
Try to make use of the knowledge you gain from
the Course in your daily work. This is not difficult
and you will not only be greatly surprised but very
pleased to find how easy it is to relieve foot troubles
and give your customers confidence and complete sat'
isf action by following the teachings in this lesson.
We also suggest that in explaining the foot troubles
and the method of giving relief through properly
fitted appliances and shoes that you use some of the
technical terms that you have gained in lessons Nos. 1
and 2. By learning these terms you will find in many
instances you will gain prestige and leave a very good
impression by doing so.
American School of Practipedics
Chicago
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
LESSON No. 4
METATARSALGIA, MORTON'S TOE AND
BREAKING DOWN OF THE ANTERIOR
METATARSAL ARCH
As explained to you in Lesson No. 2, describing
the arches of the foot, the Anterior Metatarsal Arch
extends between the first and fifth metatarsal bones,
at the ball of the foot. Now, when the ligaments and
No. 36. Dotted line represents the transverse section showing the Anterior
Metatarsal Arch of the foot. In the normal foot there is an eleva-
tion following the dotted lines looking at the foot from the plantar
surface.
muscles supporting this dome-like shape at the heads
of the metatarsal bones become strained or weakened,
they are unable to furnish the necessary strength and
support and a condition occurs, in this part of the foot,
almost identical with that of the longitudinal arch.
Sometimes only one or more of the bones become
depressed and again the entire arch is obliterated.
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Now, this condition is termed Metatarsalgia or Mor-
ton's Toe and is where the arch is destroyed so that
the foot widens between the two points. This con-
dition is also known as splay foot or broad foot.
Metatarsalgia, however, is the proper term for the
pain resulting from the depressed arch and nerve
impingement.
No. 37. Finger pointing to location of depressed Anterior Metatarsal Arch.
SYMPTOMS
The first symptom is tenderness and redness on the
ball of the foot, covering the area of one or more
metatarsal heads. After this tenderness, pain occurs
and a thickened skin or callous develops. The toes
feel cramped, are drawn backward. There is an en-
largement at the first and fifth metatarsal phalan-
geal joint with severe redness and pain upon pressure
from the shoe. Later on, thick callouses occur on
the soles. These are the result of undue pressure on
the second, third or fourth metatarsal heads. Some-
times pressure is thrown on three of the metatarsals
and, instead of assuming its concave shaping, the
arch is actually convex, and instead of the weight
being carried at the tripod points as mentioned in
Lesson No. 2, the middle metatarsal bones are pushed
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
down so that the first and fifth do not carry any of
the weight.
Soft corns develop between the toes. This is caused
No. 38. (A)
Showing the normal arching of the metatarsal bones, about
one-half inch from the heads of the metatarsals,
(B) Shows position of these bones in a case of Metatarsalgia.
by a slight twisting of the proximal phalanges and
causes rubbing and pressure that sets up an irritation.
Ninety-five per cent of the soft corns between the toes
can be traced to metatarsalgia. In other cases, there
is a nerve impingement, causing the sufferer to im-
mediately remove the shoe, rub and compress the toes
in order to relieve the impingement. The fore part
of the foot swells and it takes some little time for the
pain to subside. This cramp-like pain which is most
severe and excruciating is found most frequently
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
among women and growing girls. It is sometimes ac-
companied with flat-foot or weakened longitudinal
arch.
No. 39.
Showing callous spots on sole caused by dropped Metatarsals. Cal-
louses sometimes form on the small areas where the pressure on
the metatarsal heads is the greatest while at other times there may
be one large callous covering the entire ball of the foot.
In all cases of weakness in the Anterior Metatarsal
Arch, the foot widens at the ball and spreads over the
sole of the shoe, throwing it out of shape.
CAUSES
Unnatural distribution of the body's weight, strain
caused by short and pointed toe shoes, high heels,
short and pointed toe stockings, are usual causes.
Tight and narrow shoes is another cause, and sprains,
sudden wrenching, jumping on the toes (as in the case
of athletes) and dancing (where the weight is carried
greatly upon the ball of the foot) are other causes.
DIAGNOSIS
The condition is first recognized by the toes having
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
a contracted, drawn back appearance ; second, by cal-
louses on the soles, by an enlarged great toe joint or
little toe joint, by flattened or convexed condition of
the Anterior Metatarsal arch. A very sure way is to
hold the top of the foot with the left hand and with
son CORKS
FIG. B
No. 40. Showing feet with metatarsal weakness. In these cases the longi-
tudinal arch must be given support, and correction as well as the
Anterior Metatarsal arch. Students will please notice how the toes
are drawn back (Fig. A), causing a contraction or slight hammer
toe condition. In nearly all cases of Metatarsalgia there is a tend-
ency to crowding and cramping and contraction of the toes with
symptoms shown on Fig. B.
the right hand bring pressure on the heads of the
different metatarsals. If there is pain, you have lo-
cated the seat of trouble. Frequently, the patient
will jerk the foot when even slight pressure is pro-
duced at the base of the depressed metatarsals, and
in like manner, you are able to locate the seat of the
nerve impingement which causes the severe and con-
stant cramp. Again, by placing pressure at the ball,
you are able to recognize the extending of the toes.
When the patient stands, the foot spreads, making
prominent the first and fifth joint. Care should be
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
taken in the diagnosis, however, as in some cases cal-
louses do not occur and the enlargement of the first
and fifth metatarsal joints is not present, or pains are
of a spasmodic nature. A patient may suffer but one
attack in several months, while another attack may
occur very suddenly.
No. 41. A manner of testing the Anterior Metatarsal Arch. By bringing
pressure to the second, third and fourth metatarsal heads you are
able to see if there are any displacements.
PRACTIPEDIC CORRECTION
A mechanical appliance is the only form of treat-
ment that has proven successful. Dr. SchoH's An-
terior Metatarsal Arch Support is indicated in all
cases. The Support is made with a fan-like broaden-
ing at the forward end to fit the heads of the meta-
tarsals with a dome-like support, arching transversely
so that elevation can be given just where it is required.
The object is to change the position of pressure by
elevating the heads of the depressed metatarsals, thus
removing the strain and preventing the impingement
of the branches of the digital nerves.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
This support is made in a variety of shapes, so as
to give the Practipedist the correct appliances for
No. 42. The black dots show the location of the metatarsal phalangeal
articulations. In fitting Anterior Metatarsal Arch Supports the
leather should extend evenly to the metatarsal joints but not beyona.
each specific condition. Where there is weakness in
the longitudinal arch as well as the Anterior Meta-
No. 43. Showing the Anterior Metatarsal Arch Support applied to the foot
and held in position, and sectional view of the bones, showing how
far forward the leather of the arch support should extend.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
tarsal Arch, Style No. 1 should be used. Where only
the metatarsal arch is weakened, Style No. 2 (with-
out flange) should be used. Where the sudden
No. 44. Showing four models of the Anterior Metatarsal Arch Support,
which have been proven as correct for Practipedic work. Each
model is for a specific purpose.
No. 1. Where the longitudinal arch is weakened as well as the
Anterior Metatarsal Arch.
No. 2. Where there is little or no weakness longitudinally but
the trouble is in the Anterior Metatarsal Arch.
No. 3. Where there are severe cramp-like pains in the region of
the 3d, 4th and Sth Metatarso-phalangeal articulation.
The plate extends further forward under the 3rd, 4th and
5th toes.
No. 5. Same as No. 3 without flange.
cramp-like pains occur in the region of the third and
fourth metatarsal phalangeal articulation, Style No. 3
should be used. This has a flange and is cut away
under the great toe joint so that the elevation will
extend further under the heads of the metatarsals.
The No. 4 style is designed for those cases requiring
support only at the metatarsal heads and is very light
and easy to fit in all women's shoes. The No. 5 (which
is the same as the No. 3, without the flange) is used
where the forward elevation necessary to give sup-
port to the longitudinal arch is not needed.
In ordinary cases of metatarsalgia, the elevation
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
may be gradual between the first and fifth toes. In
others, the elevation should come directly behind the
depressed metatarsals.
In cases of severe cramp-like pains the elevation
must be made more acute, forming an oval elevation
about the size of a hickory nut. Sometimes it is
necessary to bring this adjustment further forward
or slightly backward, and frequently several adjust-
ments are necessary to have complete and permanent
relief.
To fill the demand made necessary by wearing cut-
out pumps, very light dress shoes and extreme styles,
Dr. Scholl's Lastik Metatarsal pad has been designed.
This consists of an adjustable pad with pocket to re-
ceive felt or sponge padding and held in position on
the waist of the foot by a lastik woven band.
No. 44A. Dr. ScholPs Lastik Metatarsal pad, as it is applied to the foot and
how the elevation is increased with adjustable pad.
The style is highly recommended where the regular
supports can not be worn or where the patient wears
the Anterior Metatarsal Support in street shoes and
requires correction with light dress shoes.
In most cases, Dr. ScholFs Anterior Metatarsal
Arch Support will give immediate relief, preventing
the pains not possible to relieve in any other way.
The patient should be fitted to shoes sufficiently long
between the heel and the ball, so as to give a firm sup-
port and poise to the foot. Sufficient toe room is also
very important.
Always remove the cause of the disturbance and
see that the patient wears stockings that do not re-
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
strict the action of the toes. The home treatment,
consisting of soap, balm and powder, should always
be recommended to build up the circulation and tone
up the skin tissues.
PAINFUL HEEL
Pain in the heel is usually caused by a strain of
the plantar ligaments and fascia on the sole of the
No. 45. Showing outer covering of foot dissected away so you may see the
relationship of the tissues to the framework and the attachment of
achilles tendon to Os Calsis and muscles of the sole attached to
heel. Note padding of tissue around heel.
foot where it is connected to the Os Calsis. It is not
very easily recognized, as no deformity or change in
outward appearance takes place.
SYMPTOMS
There is tenderness and pain in the bottom of the
heel, a feeling like stone bruise. At times, the heels
become so sore and tender that the patient is unable
to stand. At other times, the painful condition oc-
curs only after long and continuous standing or walk-
ing, and is felt mostly in the afternoons or toward
evening. In other cases, it may be continuous, and
there is an odorous perspiration around the heel.
CAUSES
The cause is usually due to straining and stretch-
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
ing of the plantar fascia where it is attached to the
Os Calsis. It is due to flat-foot or weakness or strain
on the longitudinal arch. In other cases, it is due to
a spur or bony growth on the Os Calsis.
DIAGNOSIS
By pressing the thumb or finger to the center of
the heel, severe pain is at once felt. The customer
will complain of aches or pains in the heel or per-
haps tenderness.
PRACTIPEDIC CORRECTION
The pressure from the heel must be removed. This
is accomplished by using Dr. Scholl's Tri-Spring or
Tru-Span Arch Support and arching it quite high
No. 46. Showing the Tri-Spring Arch Support fitted to the foot to relieve
the pain and pressure of painful heel. When the arch is fitted the
metal under the heel should extend away from the heel of the foot.
beneath the Astragalus and posterior region, the ob-
ject being to remove the pressure from the painful
area, and by arching up quite high between the heel
and the ball, remove the tension and strain on the
ligaments. In case of a spur or bony growth, the
arch should be elevated quite high, just forward of
the painful area, so as to prevent the bony formation
from pressing into the deeper tissues.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
HIGH ARCH OR CONTRACTED FOOT
This condition is known as hollow or contracted
foot or Pes Cavus and is a condition where the longi-
tudinal arches are contracted and extremely high.
SYMPTOMS
There is a prominence over the instep of the foot,
especially the transverse arch is buckled upward and
one or more of the bones are prominent so that when
the shoe is being fitted the lacings or buttons cause
pain and tenderness. There are callouses on the ball
of the foot and the toes are usually contracted in a
hammer toe condition, with corns on the toes and the
joints. It is very difficult for the sufferer to obtain
shoes that fit well over the instep.
No. 47. Showing an abnormal high arch or contracted foot, also known at
Pes Cavus.
CAUSES
Causes may be due to paralysis or other diseases
that cause contraction of the muscles, while other
causes are short shoes, the foot being forced into a
shoe too short, causing a breaking up of the arch, a
reverse of broken down arch.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
DIAGNOSIS
It is not difficult to recognize a case of hollow or
contracted foot as the high, contracted arch is always
characteristic of this condition. Callouses and corns
on the sole and contracted toes, with prominent bone
projections over the instep, are also noticeable.
No. 48. Showing Dr. Scholl's Zino-pads, which are made in different sizes,
applied to the foot to relieve pressure on the callouses and corns.
PRACTIPEDIC CORRECTION
Dr. Scholl's Tri-Spring Arch Support should be
applied and arched very high, so as to meet the high
part of the arch and, in that way, distribute the weight
between the heel and the ball. This will remove the
pressure on the callouses across the ball of the foot
and overcome the contraction of the toes. Where the
callouses are very prominent, Zino-pads should be
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
applied, and the same treatment of Zino-pads should
be used for the corns on the toes.
No. 49. Manner in which Tri-Spring Arch Support is fitted, to relieve and
correct high arch or contracted foot and Pes Cavus. The idea is to
remove the pressure from the heel and ball and distribute the weight
evenly by fitting up into the arch.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR LESSON No. 4
(1.) Where is the anterior metatarsal arch located?
(2.) What is the condition of the metatarsal heads
in a case of Metatarsalgia?
(3.) What is Morton's Toe or Metatarsalgia?
(4.) What is one of the principal symptoms of
Metatarsalgia?
(5.) How would you recognize a case of Metatar-
salgia?
(6.) What is the treatment?
(7.) How is it applied?
(8.) What is painful heel ?
(9.) What is the treatment?
(10.) What are you apt to find in a case of abnormal
high arch or contracted foot?
(11.) How would you give relief?
75
LESSON No. 5
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
TO THE STUDENT:
In this lesson you are shown the important work
of correct fitting. It is very important that the right
size be selected and that the correct elevation be given
to the appliance in each instance.
Appliances to give comfort, to give relief and cor-
rect the cause of the foot trouble must be scientifically
constructed and designed to do a specific thing. The
appliance must work independently of the shoe but
in connection with the shoe, so that consideration
must be given to the different types of shoes. By re-
ferring back to your Anatomy in the previous lessons
you will find that the arches give support to the entire
body's weight, therefore in selecting appliances it is
necessary to use substantial, well designed appliances
which do not depend upon the strength of the shoe
shank for its basis of a foundation; also, so that when
you have fitted the appliance, it will remain in the
shape you have adjusted it to.
American School of Practipedics
Chicago
78
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
LESSON No. 5
FITTING PRACTIPEDIC APPLIANCES
The student, by this time, realizes the folly of at-
tempting to relieve abnormal conditions of the feet
No. SO. Showing how arch support Is fitted to the patient.
without individually fitting the corrective appliances
to each and every case. The very thought of selling
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
appliances for correction of foot disorders without
fitting them individually is against all principles and
contrary to the ethics of Practipedics.
By personally fitting the appliances to the indi-
vidual foot, you obtain the full confidence of the pa-
tient. Second, you can immediately relieve, and third,
you provide comfort and are able to permanently cor-
rect the cause.
To accomplish this Dr. ScholFs Arch Fitter and
raw hide hammer must be used. With this apparatus
the Practipedist is enabled to adjust the supports or
appliances to meet every requirement, and it can be
easily used without inconvenience or loss of time.
First sell the right size or length of appliances. This
should be done according to the size of shoe worn, but
always fitted to the foot.
HOW SIZED
All of Dr. SchoH's appliances are accurately sized
so that you may use the leather covering piece as your
basis, having the heel part flush with the heel and
having the forward skived part reach up to the first
metatarso-phalangeal joint. They should not extend
over or under to any extent.
No. 51. This shows a usual case of flat-foot with Hallux Valgus. This is
distinguished by the elongated heel and in such cases the heel seat
of the appliance should be elongated to extend flush with the heel
and arched further forward to reach the high point of the arch.
If you are adjusting for weak flexible foot with a
very high arch it is necessary to select a trifle longer
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
PART OF ANVIL FOR __
MAKING ADJUSTMENT WOODEN PRESSURE BLOCK
ON ANTERIOR META- COVERED WITH LEATHER
TARSAL ARCH CONFORMINO THAT IS PRESSED INTO
SUPPORTS ANVIL HIGH PART OF ARCH
ADJUSTMENT SCREW FOR
LARGER OR SMALLER
SIZES TO ADJUST PRES-
SURE OF THE BLOCK
AGAINST ARCH SUPPORT
No. 1. — This is the apparatus essential in fitting appli-
ances. Student will please observe the different parts so as
to be familiar with same.
,4.. Lever
B. Opening for
Metatarsal Adjustments
C. Approximate line
to follow in
E. Adjustment
scretv to
give more
pressure to
small size
Appliances
No. 2 (See description on other side.)
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
HOW TO USE THE ARCH FITTER
No. 2. — First place the support in position between the
steel anvil or conformer and the leather covered, wooden
pressure block. If it is a large size the adjusting thumb screw
"E" can be turned out so as to leave ample space between the
conforming anvil and the wooden pressure block. Then raise
the lever "A" until it automatically locks, which will then hold
the support securely in position with a visedike hold. If it
does not hold the support firmly then release lever and make
a few more turns to the right of the adjustment screw, which
will force the pressure block in, giving more pressure against
the support.
When a general increased elevation is desired for the arch
of the foot, then with a raw hide faced hammer tap the metal
of the support along the dotted line "C."
No. 3. — Placing Foot-Eazer in position so that pressure
can be brought at the highest point where it is needed.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
Jfet-*'~
No. 4. — The support
can be rigidly held in
position by the pressure
you exert on the lever.
This can be done with-
out the locking of the
pressure block and con-
former which is auto-
matically done when the
lever is brought to a
perpendicular position.
No. 5. — Showing meth-
od of elongating heel
seat of the support for a
long heel or where the
posterior arch is down.
This operation shortens
the elevation of the arch
and elongates the distance
from the end of the
leather from the begin-
ning of the arch elevation.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
No. 6. — After
support has been ap-
plied to the foot and
the correct adjust-
ment ascertained, this
operation shows how
any rough edges can be nicely smoothed out. This operation
is also necessary where the support has been lowered and which
may leave a slight kink or depression in the flange of the sup-
port. Student will please note that the edges of the flange
which lay against the foot and the lining of the shoe should be
smooth to give it a workmanship like finish.
No. 7 — To lower the Foot-Eazer or support place it metal
side down on the top of the anvil and gently tap it on the leather
surface with the raw hide faced hammer. To avoid marring the
leather, hard blows should not be struck.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
No. 8. — The support when fitted should fit all points of
the arch flush from the heel to the metatar so- phalangeal articu-
lation of the great toe joint. All of Dr. ScholVs appliances
are based on this fitting.
No. 9. — Showing Dr. ScholUs Anterior Metatarsal Arch
Support and the area where elevation should be made to sup-
port the depressed metatarsal head or heads. Please see Page 3,
Lesson No. 4.
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
No. 10. — Finger pointing to the opening in the anvil which
is especially constructed so that the forward section of the
Anterior Metatarsal Arch Support can be elevated.
No. 1 1 . — Showing
the Anterior Metatar-
sal Arch Support
placed over the oval
opening in the anvil,
using the raw hide
faced hammer in
making the elevation. In or-
dinary cases it is not neces-
sary to roll the leather. The
elevation in the metal may
be made by simply placing
the support over the oval
opening.
The Practipedist should
always use a raw hide faced mallet or hammer. Steel hammers
will mar the Silveroid and will also leave sharp edges and dents
which will induce breakage. The tapping should be done gently.
Heavy pounding is not necessary.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
No. 12. — Dr. ScholVs Arch Fitter attached to stand so
that it may be moved from place to place. In every event,
the Arch Fitter must be securely attached, either to a table,
ledge, etc.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
In making adjustments a student should remember that it is
unnecessary to vitally change the general shape and contour of
the support except in extreme measures. The anatomical curves
along the outer edge, when fitted, should remain unbroken and
without any dents or sharp bends. See illustrations.
No. 13. This illustration shows a Foot-Eazer fitted to a foot,
sho-wing the even lines and perfect fitting along the inner side
of the arch. Shows the extension of leather under the rounded
part of the heel so it will set well back into the shoe. Shows the
forward end which extends to the great toe joint.
J^
No. 14. This illustration is a shadowgraph of a foot, show-
ing how the plate extends under and toward the outer arch and
how the inside elevation should always be higher than the
outside.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
appliance in order to give the desired length after
the appliance has been shortened by elevating it.
Now that you have the length and have decided
upon the style of appliance needed in the particular
case, make the adjustment, either higher or lower,
No. 52. The dotted line shows the proper way of determining the correct
size Foot-Eazer or arch support independent of shoe size and the
patient should be fitted between these two points. It is important
to always have the leather come flush with the heel and the skived
part come forward to the bend of the great toe.
on the arch fitter, to meet the contour of the relaxed
foot. This can be elevated by placing the support be-
tween the wooden pressure block and the steel con-
No. 53. After tne correct length is obtained and when the fitting is completed
it should fit smoothly and evenly at all points. If it is fitted in this
manner it will usually feel comfortable to the patient.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
former and gently tapping it with the raw hide faced
hammer.
If the heel of the foot is somewhat elongated, then
elongate the heel part of the appliance so that when
the fitting has been done the appliance fits smoothly
and perfectly to all points of the arch. In fitting the
Anterior Metatarsal Arch, the elevation can be done
on the anvil of the conforming block by placing it
No. 53A. With appliance placed in shoe and testing with finger and thumb
to see if fitted so as not to rock or shift.
over the opening and gently tapping it with the raw
hide faced hammer.
It is not necessary to hit hard or do much ham-
mering on these appliances. The Dr. Scholl appli-
ances are all carefully constructed and formed to a
semi-normal height and shape so that there is only
slight adjustment needed in either raising or lower-
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
ing, and it is best to make these adjustments by small
degrees so as not to destroy the original lines put in
the appliances.
After the appliance is fitted to the foot, place it in
the shoe and be sure that you have the right width
so it does not extend out and be noticeable when
the shoe is on the foot. Much care should be taken
No. 54. Showing the Foot-Eazer applied to the foot that is too long.
to see that the front part of the support sets firmly
into the ball part of the shoe and that the heel part
of the supporting plate sets firmly down into the heel
of the shoe. Otherwise, there will be a rocking mo-
tion or sensation that the heel is slipping and is being
forced out of the heel of the shoe. (See Fig. 53A.)
In that event, remove the appliance and arch the
support a trifle higher under the heel. Slightly bend
the metal downward, away from the leather top
piece, and then place back into the shoe and test
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
with the thumb on the heel part and the index finger
forward, holding the shoe with the left hand to see
if it sets firmly without any rocking or tilting.
This particularly applies to the fitting of Foot-
Eazers or other appliances to ladies' high heel shoes
and in pumps, oxfords, slippers, etc.
FITTING THE SHOE AS WELL AS THE
FOOT
The student must thoroughly understand that dif-
ferent types of shoes require different adjustments..
No. 55. Showing Korrecto arch support placed to the foot that is too short
even though the appliances are properly fitted to the
foot. The poise of the foot is changed in a high heel
shoe and, therefore, that must be taken into consid-
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
eration so that the foot is properly supported in the
position it will assume in the shoe. This requires the
Practipedist to fit different appliances to different
types of shoes.
No. 56. Showing Foot-Eazer fitted to the foot with pressure on it.
No. 57. Showing Tri-Spring Arch Support fitted to the foot of correct length
and aize.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
If the patient wears a high heel shoe for street and
dress wear, the support should be fitted for that par-
ticular type of shoe. Allowance, of course, can be
made for a slight variation of one-sixteenth to one-
fourth inch in the height of the heel.
If the patient, however, wears low heel shoes, such
as tennis or golf shoes, then the supports should be
fitted especially to that type. A support that fits the
(A) The arch has been lowered to give but very light pressure.
(D) High arch.
(E) High arch and elongated heel seat.
Student will please bear in mind that when the fitting is completed the arch
support should be free from all kinks, depression or rough edges.
No. 58. Showing different adjustments of arch supports.
foot properly in a low heel shoe will not give satis-
factory service in a high heel shoe, that being one of
the principal causes of slipping at the heel.
Do your fitting neatly, and do not leave mars or
depressions in the metal, but always smooth out all
dents before sending your customer away.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
(A) Showing ladies' wood heel pump. In fitting for this shoe great care
must be taken so that the heel part of the support sets firmly into the heel
seat of the shoe.
(B) A better model to fit arch supports to. This is not so extremely high
and is much easier to do the fitting in.
(C) Showing a golf or tennis shoe. A different adjustment must be made to
obtain the same amount of correction to the foot when a person wears this
style of shoe.
(D) Showing ordinary man's shoe which is very convenient for fitting.
Students will please note that these different types of shoes require different
adjustments and the customer should be so informed when the appliances
are fitted.
No. 59. Showing the different styles of shoes. Each of these styles requires
a different adjustment to give the same correction to the foot.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
Listen to what the customers have to say, and get
them to tell you if the support feels high or presses
too much at any one point; and then make adjust-
ments accordingly. Dr. SchoH's Appliances can be
worn in any shoe. Being neatly and scientifically con-
structed, so that they can be worn in the modern style
footwear, has greatly increased their popularity. It
is not necessary for these appliances to be placed in
larger shoes or broader shapes or flat heels if the
rules of fitting are carefully observed.
BUNIONS AND HALLUX VALGUS
An enlargement of the joint at the base of the great
toe is popularly termed a bunion. This, however, is
not correct, as this enlargement can be caused by
different conditions. A bunion, strictly speaking, is
an inflammation of the bursa at the great toe joint,
causing swelling, redness and pain. Hallux Valgus
No. 60. Showing case of Hallux Valgus with weak foot.
is a condition where the bones of the great toe are
forced outward, causing a slight or partial distortion
of the metatarso-phalangeal joint. This condition is
often associated with a localized inflammation.
SYMPTOMS
Bunions and Hallux Valgus are formed gradually,
and, therefore, the symptoms of the early stages are
burning, tenderness and pain on pressure at the
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
great toe joint. Later, it becomes swollen, red, in-
flamed and extremely sensitive to touch. The cus-
No. 61. Showing X-ray shadowgraph of position of bones of foot in case of
bunion or Hallux Valgus.
tomer will complain of pain and swelling after walk-
ing, and where the toe is bent outward there is a
large, prominent joint present. The great toe under-
No. 62. One of the usual effects of Bunion. An easy way of recognizing the
abnormal condition.
laps or overlaps the other toes, causing considerable
pain.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
Corns and callouses sometimes form, which cause
additional local pain.
CAUSES
This condition is caused by short and pointed toe
shoes and pointed toe stockings, which force the
bones of the toes into an abnormal shape. Other
causes are foot weakness, either in the longitudinal
or Anterior Metatarsal Arch. Where the longitudinal
arch is weakened, abnormal weight is thrown on the
great toe joint, causing undue pressure and pain; in
longitudinal weakness, the foot is elongated and
forced down into the toe of the shoe, making the
shoe too short.
DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis of Bunions, or Hallux Valgus, and en-
larged toe joints is very simple, owing to their out-
ward appearance. The enlarged toe joint conditions
are very numerous and are usually recognized im-
No. 63. (A) Showing bunion with underlapping great toe.
(B) Showing same foot, Toe Flex in position pushing toe over to
its normal position.
mediately by the sufferer. Examination should be
made of the foot to see if the joint is flexible and if
the inflammation is acute.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
PRACTIPEDIC CORRECTION
The first thing to do is to remove the cause. Pointed
toe stockings should be replaced with Dr. Scholl's
Right and Left Hose, taking away at once the tension
on the great toe. Then, be particular that the shoe
is of sufficient length and width. If the toe is flexible
Dr. Scholl's Toe Flex should be worn, bringing the
\?$*Ou!s bunion
REDUCER:
No. 64. Showing Bunion Reducer, a rubber shield moulded to fit over the
enlarged great toe joint.
FIG. A
No. 65. Improved Bunion Spring applied to the foot. FIG. B
(A) Lateral view.
(B) Bottom view. This spring acts as a lever in drawing the great
toe to its normal lines,
or for night wear.
Should be worn in loose fitting shoe
toe to a straight line. When there is swelling and
enlargement, apply Dr. Scholl's Bunion Reducer, a
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
rubber moulded shield or pad that fits snugly over the
joint with a thickened shoulder back of the bunion to
remove shoe pressure and irritation. The Bunion
Reducer has a counter irritant effect so that the su-
perfluous tissue cells may be carried away in the cir-
culation. The Reducer also fills out the hollow places
and prevents the shoe from being bulged out of shape.
Dr. Scholl's Bunion Spring is to be applied for
night wear. This acts as a lever in bringing the great
toe joint over to its naturally straight line and should
be worn every night.
No. 66. Showing arch support applied to foot where the abnormal pressure
is thrown upon the great toe joint.
When there is a tendency to weak or flat foot, Dr.
SchoH's Foot-Eazer should always be fitted. This
bridges the weight from the heel to the ball, taking
the pressure and strain from the enlarged toe joint.
HAMMER-TOE
Hammer-toe consists of a drawing back or contrac-
tion of the toe at the medial phalanx ; it rarely affects
the great toe, but is more frequently found on the
second, third, fourth and fifth toes. It may be caused
by wearing short and narrow pointed toe shoes or a
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
contraction due to breaking down of the anterior
metatarsal arch of the foot.
PRACTIPEDIC CORRECTION
It is necessary to ascertain the cause of the condi-
tion and when due to faulty shoes, correctly fitted,
broad toe shoes should be fitted. The anterior meta-
tarsal arch should be inspected and if depressed, Dr.
Scholl's Anterior Metatarsal Arch Support No. 2 or
No. 4, or Lastik Metatarsal Pad should be applied.
For straightening the contracted toe, Dr. Scholl's
Hammer-Toe Spring, style A or B, can be applied.
No. 66A. Showing Dr. Scholl's Hammer-Toe Spring applied to the foot
Cases of long standing should be referred to a
surgeon who will lengthen the contracted tendon.
PAINFUL GREAT TOE
When a bunion or enlarged joint forms at the little
toe, as well as the great toe, it is an indication of weak-
ened Anterior Metatarsal Arch, and Dr. Scholl's
•*:«.;•■
*J? TS:-.- • ■■■■:•■
j^f.vlin»-..tt..
No. 67. Painful great toe. This is sometimes caused by exostosis, bunion
and flat-foot
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
Anterior Metatarsal Arch Support, Style No. 1, 2 or 3,
should be used in conjunction with the toe spreading
devices. Absorbo Pads, size E or F, should be applied
over the little toe joint to relieve the pressure. Dr.
Scholl's Foot-Eazer fitted to the arch so as to bridge
the weight and take pressure from the great toe will
also give relief.
WEAK ANKLES
Weak ankles are an indication of weak arch and
should be treated in the same manner as a weak arch
condition.
No. 67A. Dr. Scholl's Lastik Anklet applied to foot.
The weak ankle can be given additional support by
applying Dr. Scholl's Lastik Anklets. They are made
of finely woven elastic to give support to the under
arch as well as side support the ankle. They are also
useful in sprains or varicose veins.
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
HARD CORNS
Corns are layers of dead, epithelial tissue caused by
injury or pressure. Nature piles up these cells to
No. 68. Showing hard corns on the toes and little toe joint.
protect the underlying tissues from injury until the
false or dead tissue becomes thickened into a conical
mass, pressing down into the cutaneous nerve
branches and causing pain.
They are very painful and sometimes become high-
ly inflamed and swollen.
TREATMENT
First remove the cause. If the shoe is too narrow
or short, fit the proper size. When the corns are
caused by the foot sliding down into the shoe, apply
No. 69. Showing how Dr. Scholl's Zino Pads are applied to the toes.
Dr. Scholl's Foot-Eazer to firmly hold the foot back
into the heel of the shoe. This removes the pressure
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
on the corns. To give relief to hard corns, apply Dr.
SchoH's Zino Pads. These are made in sizes to fit all
conditions, and by retaining the natural warmth and
moisture the false tissue is loosened and can be re-
moved.
For medicinal treatment Dr. Scholl's Fixo Corn
Plaster should be applied.
Corns should not be cut or trimmed except by an
expert chiropodist where all aseptic precautions are
carefully observed.
SOFT CORNS
These are caused by abnormal pressure and, in most
instances, are found where there is a weakened con-
dition in the Anterior Metatarsal Arch. The bones
rub together and set up an irritation and an inflam-
mation.
Pointed toe shoes and stockings are other causes.
No. 69. (A) Showing crowded together condition of the toes with soft corns
between the second and third toe.
(B) Showing Toe Right placed in position to separate the toes.
PRACTIPEDIC TREATMENT
First remove the cause. If there is any weakness
in the Anterior Metatarsal Arch, apply Dr. Scholl's
Anterior Metatarsal Arch Support, Nos. 1, 2 or 4,
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properly fitted to bring correction to the depressed
metatarsal heads.
Soft corns are very irritating and become extremely
painful.
The feet should be thoroughly bathed with Dr.
ScholTs Foot Soap, rubbing it well between the toes
to remove any dead tissue. Dr. Scholl's "2 Drop"
can then be applied to the soft corn and protected with
a soft corn pad made by cutting a Zino corn pad
through the center and applying one-half on the in-
side of each toe. The pad can be cut and put together,
making it double if more separation is required.
No. 70. (A) Showing how Zino Pad (corn size) Is cut through center and
applied to take pressure off soft corn between the toes.
CALLOUSES ON THE SOLE
Callouses forming on the different parts of the
foot are an indication of an underlying cause. Bone
displacements, such as the depression of the meta-
tarsal heads, are other causes.
A callous is the result of Nature's attempt to pro-
tect the underlying tissues from injury, and when
trimmed off or cut away will immediately return, as
they are there for the purpose of attempting to pro-
tect the thin and underlying tissues from the abnormal
pressure and friction.
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No. 71. Callouses on sole of the foot.
PRACTIPEDIC CORRECTION
The hard callous is quickly and painlessly removed
by applying Dr. Scholl's Callous Salve, and placing
over it Dr. Scholl's Zino Pad (Callous size). It should
be renewed each day for three (3) consecutive days,
after which the foot is placed in warm water, when
callous peels off.
Ascertain the cause of the callouses and fit the
proper corrective appliances to relieve the condition.
For callouses on the sole, apply Dr. ScnoH's Anterior
Metatarsal Arch Support, correct style number, and
adjust to remove the pressure. For callouses on the
heel, apply Dr. Scholl's Zino-pad and Callous Salve.
For callouses on the great toe, apply Dr. Scholl's
Zino-pad or Bunion Reducer and fit Dr. ScnoH's Foot-
Eazer to prevent further pressure.
CHILBLAINS
Chilblains are due to having exposed the feet to
extreme cold and then suddenly bringing them in
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contact with heat. Chilblains also follow frost bite.
It is recognized by a sensation of itching and burn-
ing, and then followed by a continuous aching. The
parts appear red and swollen and usually occur after
each exposure to cold.
PRACTIPEDIC CORRECTION
Apply Dr. ScholTs Chilblain Lotion. This relieves
the itching and burning. The parts should be thor-
oughly massaged with Dr. ScnoH's Foot Balm so as
to improve the circulation in the feet. Roomy shoes
should be worn, uppers of soft leather so as to not
irritate the inflamed area. Soft cotton stockings
should be worn in preference to silk.
EXCESSIVE PERSPIRATION
When the foot throws off a bad odor, it is due to
the secretions in the pores of the skin. This causes
an unhealthy state and inactivity of the skin glands.
It may not be due to uncleanliness, but may be
brought about by such abnormal conditions as foot
strain, by improper footwear and hosiery. Occasion-
ally it is due to systemic origin.
PRACTIPEDIC CORRECTION
First make examination to ascertain if there is any
foot weakness or arch trouble. If so, fit with Dr.
ScholFs Foot-Eazer or other appliance that is in-
dicated. Next, recommend the general home treat-
ment— Dr. ScholFs Pedico Foot Soap, Balm and
Powder. Immerse the feet in warm water for ten to
fifteen minutes. Then apply a generous quantity of
the Pedico Foot Soap and massage thoroughly for
ten to fifteen minutes. Then carefully rinse off with
a cooler water, dry thoroughly and then massage
with the Foot Balm. Always keep the feet dusted
with antiseptic powder. Shake the powder into the
shoes and stockings. The stockings should be
changed daily. It is advisable to change the shoes
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and wear them alternately, using shoe trees to keep
them in shape.
BROMIDROSIS
Bromidrosis is an abnormal condition of the skin
and affects the feet and other parts of the body. It
is usually accompanied by an excessive amount of
perspiration and oftentimes blanches the skin, espe-
cially the soles of the feet, around the heels and be-
tween the toes. In this condition the pores of the
skin are in an unhealthy state, allowing the exudate
to decompose with a resulting strong odor. In some
cases there is a scanty amount of perspiration but in
either case it calls for the application of a strong de-
odorizer and additional treatment that will destroy
the bacteria producing this strong odor.
No. 71A. How Bromidrosis powder is sprinkled over the foot and toes.
Dr. Schoirs Bromidrosis Powder should be recom-
mended in every case for the correction of any Bro-
midrosis condition. The feet should be carefully
bathed and dried and the powder well shaken over the
feet, between the toes and over the soles. This treat-
ment should be repeated morning and night. It is
also advisable to shake a small quantity of the powder
into the foot bath. Many complaints against the wear-
ing quality of shoes and hosiery might be prevented if
sufferers use this treatment.
INGROWING AND ABNORMAL TOE
NAILS
Ingrowing Toe Nails consist of a section of the
nail becoming inverted into the soft tissue of the nail
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groove. This sets up an irritation and inflammation
and finally a pus or ulcerous formation. It is caused
No. 72. A bad case of ingrowing nail.
by short shoes, by injudicious trimming of the nails,
by pointed toe stockings and by infection.
PRACTIPEDIC CORRECTION
First remove the cause. If the shoes are too short
and the stockings are pointed and cause pressure on
the toe, correct this. Then, thoroughly cleanse with
Pedico Soap and hot water all parts of the feet. Dry
the parts with fresh absorbent cotton.
CROOKED OR RUN-DOWN HEELS
Many cases of crooked or run-down heels can be
traced to weakness of the arch or ankle articulation,
and in these cases an arch support should be fitted.
There are, however, many instances where the person
may habitually walk heavy at the outer edge of the
heel, which can be quickly corrected by a wedge-shape
pad or cushion placed inside of the shoe. Dr. Scholl's
Walk-Strate Heel Pads will overcome the trouble
and give complete relief to this very disagreeable
condition.
No. 73. Showing crooked or run-over heels and condition corrected.
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The object of the device is to re-position the weight
carrying points by distributing it evenly over the heel.
Should the heels wear to the outside the thick part
of the device should be placed on the inner side of the
No. 78. Antiseptic Foot Powder being applied to the foot This should be
shaken over the foot and into the stocking daily.
heel, thereby lessening the pressure to the outer side.
The bathing of the feet and the massage is best
taken in the evening, and before putting on the stock-
ings. Dr. Schoirs Foot Powder should be sprinkled
over the foot and between the toes, to keep them soft
and to absorb any moisture. Likewise, a quantity
should be sprinkled into the inside of the stocking and
shoe.
If this treatment is resorted to, normal feet will be
kept so and abnormal conditions made normal. Stock-
ings should be changed every day.
SHOES SLIPPING AT THE HEELS
The Practipedist and shoe fitter will undoubtedly
have many opportunities to correct this very annoy-
ing condition. Pumps, slippers and low cut shoes in
general may be carefully fitted and yet have a tend-
ency to slip at the heel, causing tenderness to the heel
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itself, and producing considerable wear and friction
on the hosiery of the wearer.
This can be quickly corrected by applying a pair of
Dr. Scholl's Nu Grip Heel Liners to the inner lining
of the shoe. They are very quickly attached by
No. 78A. Showing Nu-Grip attached to low shoe. This device prevents
shoes from slipping at the heel.
slightly moistening the glued surface of the device
and placing it in position and pressing it firmly with
the fingers until every part of the Nu Grip has thor-
oughly adhered to the shoe lining. In applying the
device it is very important that the shoe be dry and
clean. It is advisable to allow the shoe to stand some
time after applying so that the glue will have time to
thoroughly dry.
TENDER SPOTS ON THE FEET
Many times a shoe customer will complain of tender
spots or irritations from wearing new or tight shoes.
This is especially true among the women customers,
due to the present type of ladies' footwear. Pumps,
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American School of Practipedics, Chicago
fancy cut-outs and straps often bind certain parts of
the feet, causing ridges, pressure or irritation.
A. Zino pads, corn size, for corns and
tender toes.
B. Zino pad, callous size,
for callouses on ball.
D. Bunion size for tender joints.
C Zino pads, callous size, for tender
joint and callouses.
E. Zino pad, callous size, to relieve rub- F. Zino pads on instep to prevent
bing and tenderness at the heel. pumps or new shoes blistering.
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Prompt relief is given by applying Dr. ScnoH's Zino-
pads to the tender spot. By applying these pads at
the point of pressure or friction, relief is given to blis-
ters and further annoyance is prevented.
HOW TO HANDLE A CUSTOMER
1. Making a good impression is an important part
of the professional man's duties, and whether you are
in an office or in the shoe store the result and effect
is practically the same. As this elementary course
is primarily written for the benefit of shoe men, a few
terse pointers will be given both as to salesmanship
and the professional work. Personal appearance has
much to do with impression — clean linen — clothes
pressed — shoes polished — clean shaven.
2. After the customer is seated and made com-
fortable and you are ready to give your attention,
look over the shoes while you are removing them.
You are able to diagnose many symptoms and recog-
nize numerous abnormal conditions of the feet by
the way the shoe is worn.
3. As you unbutton or unlace the shoe you can
easily recognize if the upper is spread over the sole,
if there is an enlarged toe joint at either the great
or small toe and you are also enabled to see if the toes
are cramped and drawn up, causing pressure through
the upper leather, and if the leather is cracked or
hardened from perspiration.
Likewise you will be able to discover if the instep is
high and whether there are any prominent projec-
tions over the instep caused by displacement of any
of the bones of the transverse arch.
4. Now, when you remove the shoe, remove it
carefully. Give the impression at once that you are
careful, conscientious and interested. Before placing
it on the floor turn it over and look at the sole and
the heels. Notice how they are worn. See if the
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patient has sufficient length and ball room. Notice
if the shanks are broken down. Observe if there are
thin spots or holes worn through the outsole across
and near the ball. If so, it indicates that the weight
is being thrown on the heads of the second and third
metatarsals instead of being properly carried at the
first and fifth.
5. Place your hand in the shoe and run your fin-
gers over the inner sole and you will notice depres-
sions either at the ball, caused by the Anterior Meta-
tarsal Arch being depressed or you will find depres-
sions in the inner sole to the outside along the edge
of the upper which would indicate a weakness of the
arch by allowing the foot to shift and slide forward.
No. 79. Every customer's feet should be carefully examined for any abnormal
condition. It will make shoe fitting easier and enable the Prac-
tipedist to apply the correct appliance and it also gives a good
impression to the patient.
6. You have now received a fair idea from the
external conditions indicated by the shoe. Always
remove both shoes. Before having the customer or
patient stand take particular notice whether the
stocking is of the pointed toe variety and is short
and restricts the action of the toes. Then holding the
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foot at the heel with the left hand carefully go over
the sole of the foot with the right hand to learn if
there are any callosities. Examine and make test for
abnormal condition at the ball of the foot or Anterior
Metatarsal Arch.
7. If there are callosities, ask the question, "Do
these callouses cause you much pain or discomfort?
Do your toes feel cramped? Do the soles of your
feet burn?" Then after you have discovered that
the Anterior Metatarsal Arch is weakened and that
there is a displacement of one or more of the meta-
tarsal heads, cause pressure there and point out to
the patient that your reason for asking the questions
was because you noticed a weakened condition of
the anterior arch.
8. Then notice the longitudinal arch. Also notice
carefully if the ankles tip in slightly when weight is
placed on the foot. Also notice whether the posterior
portion of the arch is lowered, being easily recog-
nized by the elongated appearance of the heel. You
may then ask additional questions such as —
"Do you ever notice a burning or cramping sensa-
tion on the ball of the foot or sole of the foot?"
"Do your toes feel cramped or feel that your shoes
should have more space about the toes?"
"Do you notice that a new shoe loses its shape and
looks shabby before it should?"
"Do you have pains in the heels?" (Cause pressure
on the heel with your thumb or forefinger.)
"Do you tire easily after walking?"
"Do you have rheumatic-like pains in your feet or
limbs?"
The customer will naturally be very much inter-
ested by the intelligent way you have conducted your-
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self and invariably say, "Yes, I have noticed that my
feet have been giving me considerable trouble and
that they burn on the soles and tire and ache after
much standing, just as you mention."
9. You then may explain that she should have no
more trouble with her feet than her hands. "If they
were normal you would be able to walk, run or
dance without bodily fatigue, tiring or aching of the
feet or limbs. Your trouble seems to be a weakened
condition of the foot." If it is a weak arch in the
early stages you may say, "When the weight is taken
off, the foot assumes a perfectly natural shape and
you will notice you have naturally a high arch, but
owing to the weakened condition of the foot, when
the weight is placed upon it, it stretches out and flat-
tens to a certain degree so that after much standing
or walking the ligaments and muscles become tired
and relaxed and allow the foot to stretch to an un-
natural extent."
10. If it is a lady and a weakened arch condition
is present, you may say, "I will fit you to a device,
Dr. ScholTs Foot-Eazer, which you can wear in this
shoe unnoticeably. This will not only give imme-
diate relief, rest and comfort to your feet, but it will
permanently correct the cause of your trouble so that
in a remarkably short time you will be permanently
relieved of this condition."
11. Then, when you select the proper size Foot-
Eazer or other style of Dr. Scholl Appliance needed
according to your diagnosis use arch fitter and raw
hide hammer and do the fitting. Do not arch the
appliance too high, especially when it is first placed
into the shoe. Do not give it to the customer to
look at, but place it immediately inside the shoe and
have the customer stand.
12. Then suggest, "Doesn't that feel better to your
foot?" "Don't you feel the bracing and restful sup-
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port it gives and don't you notice that it gives you
more freedom to the toes?" "Doesn't it seem to brace
you up all over?"
13. If the support is fitted too high and the cus-
tomer complains of the pressure, always be quick and
willing to make the adjustment and place it back into
the shoe and suggest that it will be more comfortable.
14. Always button or lace up the shoe after the
appliance is placed inside of it. It is well to explain
that the Dr. Scholl Appliances are all based on scien-
tific principles and your own knowledge of Practi-
pedics enables you to give comfort by making the
proper adjustments and using these appliances indi-
cated in each and every case. You may point out
also that no larger size shoe is needed and that any
stylish shoe can be worn with comfort. Try to im-
press the patient that it is not necessary to wear large,
unsightly looking footwear because by your Practi-
pedic method and Dr. Scholl's Appliances you are able
to relieve the cause of the trouble which will then
permit the customer to wear the style of shoe best
suited.
15. The questions may be asked (that is, if you
are fitting an appliance like the Foot-Eazer, Tri-
Spring, or Anterior Metatarsal Arch Support) , "After
I have once commenced the wearing of these appli-
ances won't I always be compelled to wear them?"
Your reply should be very decisive, "No. There is
an abnormal condition present in your feet. The ob-
ject of this appliance is to correct that abnormal con-
dition and assist Nature in bringing about a perma-
nent cure. It gives immediate relief and by the
mechanical pressure and correction which is exerted
the displaced bones are lifted and held up to their
natural position, abnormal pressure and strain are
removed from the soft structures such as the arteries,
veins, and the strain is lessened on the ligaments and
muscles."
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16. By correcting these displaced bones Nature
responds by improving the circulation, which at once
builds up the tissue and strengthens the parts of the
foot and by removing this abnormal strain Nature
holds the bones up and stimulates muscular action
so that in a short time permanent relief can be ob-
tained. If the case is of long standing and in an aggra-
vated state it is best not to promise more than relief
and that the treatment will restore normal use to the
feet, with a full degree of comfort."
17. In the early stages, however, thousands of
cases are on record where the appliances can be laid
aside after three to four months' wearing. Frequently
less time than that is required.
If the question is asked, "Can I wear these appli-
ances in any shoe ?" you reply, "Yes, if the shoes are
practically on the same type, that is, if you wear about
this same height heel, shape and size of shoe. See, I
have adjusted these appliances to give you the neces-
sary correction according to the poise of the foot in
this style of a shoe. If you change to a low heel shoe
it changes the poise of the foot and naturally I must
make a different adjustment to give you the same
amount of corrective help."
18. "Now, if you have another style of shoe that
you wish to wear, such as golf shoes or a high heel
dress shoe, then bring this shoe in to me and I will
adjust another pair of appliances to give you the
amount of correction and comfort in that particular
type of shoe."
19. In handling a customer or a patient with a
bunion foot explain that most cases of so-called Bun-
ions or Hallux Valgus, are caused by undue pressure
at the first metatarso-phalangeal joint or it may be
caused and accompanied by weakened arch and flat-
foot. There are many cases of bunions that can be
relieved by fitting the foot to a pair of Dr. Scholl's
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Foot-Eazers, the object being to take the weight off
the first metatarsal joint and distribute it evenly over
the weight carrying surface.
20. In examining a bunion foot notice if the great
toe is rigid or if you can straighten it without much
force. Then use your treatment accordingly and al-
ways use selling suggestions that will make the im-
pression and satisfy the customer without a question
of doubt that not only you as a Practipedist know
your business thoroughly but that the appliances
which you have accepted as being the most scientific
will give the comfort, relief and correction that is
needed in each case.
21. If you fit a pair of Foot-Eazers to relieve the
pressure on the bunion joint and to equalize the body's
weight, explain why and how this treatment will give
relief to the bunion joint.
22. If you fit a Toe-Flex explain how this exerts a
gentle pressure in straightening the great toe and if
the joint is much enlarged and requires a bunion re-
ducer to remove the shoe pressure and relieve the
local irritation explain why it reduces the swelling
and inflammation and how, by stimulating local cir-
culation the accumulated tissue cells are carried away
through the circulation.
23. On the subject of corns and callouses it is
well to explain that they are caused by friction or
pressure and possibly both. If there is a depressed
metatarsal head pushing down on the soft and thin
tissues against the insole of the shoe, this pressure
causes a callous. First, it sets up a slight local irri-
tation and the skin becomes red and tender. Finally
a callous forms on the outer layer of the skin. It
is a result of Nature's attempt to protect the under-
lying tissues from injury. When these layers of dead
skin or tissue pile up and become hardened it causes
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pressure on the nerves in the under layer of skin
and this causes pain.
To use a knife and cut away this tissue is working
against Nature unless the cause is removed. Try to
explain and impress your customer with the number
of steps taken each day, multiplying the body's
weight with the number of steps taken and you have
the amount of strain and pressure the feet are com-
pelled to carry each and every day.
24. Explain that the feet must have care and as a
part of your Practipedic Treatment always suggest
Dr. ScholFs "3" Necessities. It will at once increase
the value of mechanical appliances and be a means
of giving more comfort to the feet. This can be best
brought to a customer's attention by bringing the
treatment to him or her and saying, "Now, this is the
home treatment for you to use in addition to the
appliances to get the feet into a healthy condition.
You will find full directions on each package." If
necessary you can give a short explanation of how
each of the items are to be used.
25. Suggest that your customer keep Zino pads in
the three sizes on hand at all times to protect the feet
and to relieve corns, callouses and bunions.
FITTING OF SHOES
The very foundation and principles upon which
the science of Practipedics is built depends upon the
correct fitting of shoes and foot gear in general. It
would not be exaggerating to say that in 40 per cent
of the cases of foot troubles which the Practipedist
is asked to relieve, the predisposing cause will be
found to be in the shoes and stockings.
Shoes that are fitted too short, too narrow, the
wrong shape, the wrong style, all end up in some
minor foot disorder. But unless this cause is quickly
removed, the damage is already done to the foot, foot
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weakness develops, malformations take place and me-
chanical aid must then be resorted to to give relief.
With a fundamental knowledge of the anatomy of
the foot such as you have mastered in the foregoing
lessons, you will be able to fit shoes more correctly,
and where there is any serious or minor foot weak-
ness, you will be able to correct it immediately. Use
your knowledge. You will soon acquire the knack of
quickly sizing up the shape of the foot before you and
know whether there is any abnormal condition that
No. 80. Showing standard positions of measurements. These same points of
measuring are also used in measuring lasts.
requires your scientific knowledge other than mere
fitting.
There are several types of measure sticks and meth-
ods of measuring the feet. If you use a standard plain
measure stick, it is advisable to have the customer
stand and make an allowance from two three sizes
in addition to what the stick calls for. This is abso-
lutely necessary to give sufficient length to the shoe.
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The authorized method, however, is using a special
stick where an allowance has already been made for
the expansion of the foot. This is known as Dr.
Schoirs Foot Measure and Shoe Size Indicator. The
scale is most carefully reckoned out according to the
requirements of the foot based on standard measure-
ments of shoes so that the figure on the scale at the
end of the great toe indicates the correct length of
shoe. Then by taking the width of the foot in the
No. 81. Dr. Schoirs Foot Measure and Shoe Size Indicator.
same manner and referring to the scale on the back
of the Indicator, you will be able to tell the correct
width.
This method, of course, is a scientific and carefully
studied out basis of measurements, but the student
should understand that the type of foot is to be taken
into consideration and slight variances may be in
order.
Many times shoes do not come up to standard
measurements and occasionally manufacturers will
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change the shape of the last at the toe and in doing
so the shoe is shortened from one-half to full size.
Furthermore, occasionally a person will wear a shoe
longer than is necessary, and so that the Practipedist
will be enabled to know exactly the size of the shoe
the customer has been wearing, Dr. ScnoH's Shoe Size
No. 81A. Dr. Scholl's Foot Measure and Shoe Size Indicator — measuring foe
width of shoe.
Indicator has been prepared for this purpose. It is
placed inside the shoe, the expansion spring is re-
leased so that the detector touches the extreme inside
measurements of the shoe, viz., heel and toe. A
thumb screw is then tightened, the detector removed
which plainly shows the exact inside measurement
of the shoe.
In measuring feet it is very important to observe
the stretch or expansion of the foot with the body's
weight. If there is more than one size expansion,
then be careful of arch weakness.
No. 82. Dr. Scholl's Shoe Size Detector to Measure Exact Shoe Length.
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In addition to fitting the foot properly and obtain-
ing the foot length, remember that an appliance fitted
must also be conducive to the customers foot com-
fort and satisfactory shoe wear.
Please note in the illustrations, "A," showing the
foot without weight on; "B," showing the same foot
with weight on. Normal feet, of course, expand
slightly, but usually less than one-half size. If the
No. 82A. Comparing Standard Size Given by Size Detector or Counter Size
Make in Shoe.
foot you are fitting expands more than this, look for
arch weakness.
As to high heels, in the old school, medical prac-
titioners would recommend or even go so far as to
prescribe flat-heeled shoes for all persons complain-
ing of foot trouble. This practice, however, has been
proven to be a fallacy and is discontinued by up-to-
date Orthopedists and Practipedists. For the mo-
ment, consider the development of the use of heels,
beginning with a child. Its first pair of hard-soled
shoes ; the next with wedges — and finally come spring
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heels ; then gradually, step by step, an extra lift added
and especially, if a girl, will soon wish grown-up girls'
shoe styles, and finally will be wearing heels from
one and a half, one and three-quarters to two inches
/ 2- *3 + ^r 6 7
No. 83. Showing stretching out or elongation of weak foot.
A, Shows foot without weight; B, weight on foot.
and possibly two and one-eighth inches in height.
While this is being done, Nature, in her gracious way
is foreshortening the big muscles of the calf and the
Achilles tendon attached to the Os Calsis or heel bone,
until finally the foot assumes in a relaxed condition
the position of the high-heeled shoe.
It is impossible, therefore, to expect a person to
have comfort in a flat-heeled shoe after Nature has
provided ample accommodations for the higher heel.
If it is necessary to make a change back to lower heels,
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do it gradually. So, to give comfort in shoes, select
the shoe that is adapted to the customer's feet as
nearly as possible in style and shape. In fitting, give
ample room for the toes, width at the ball and a firm,
snug fit through the heel and waist, using your judg-
ment of the anatomical requirements laid before you
in this course of Practipedics.
PEDO-GRAPH IMPRESSIONS
No. 84. Pedograph (print of sole of foot) being taken on Dr. Scholl's Pedo-
graph machine.
For the Practipedist or shoe fitter, Pedo-Graphs or
sole impressions have a distinct value. Until the in-
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vention and perfecting of Dr. Scholl's Pedo-Graph
machine, the methods of obtaining impressions of the
feet were difficult and unsatisfactory. By this new
device a clear impression can be made of the sole of
the foot, which immediately portrays the structural
condition of the foot, bearing points, any abnormal
No. 85. Pedographs of feet, showing three distinct conditions: A, normal
arch; B, weakened arch; C, flatfoot.
condition, such as weakened metatarsal arch, cal-
louses, flat foot, contracted toes, etc., and at the same
time gives the correct length measurement of the foot
to be used in fitting shoes.
The paper blanks on which the Pedo-Graphs are
made are very useful in making an analysis of the
foot condition and also in convincing the customer the
style of appliance and shoe required.
127
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR LESSON No. 5
What is the first requisite in practipedic
work?
What apparatus is most essential in making
adjustments?
How would you go about to fit a foot with
appliances?
How would you determine the length?
What constitutes a good fitting arch sup-
port?
Why is it necessary to adjust differently for
a high and low-heeled shoe?
What would you do for slipping at the heel?
What is Hallux Valgus?
What would you do to relieve the shoe pres-
sure on a bunion?
What is the approved method of correcting
a Hallux Valgus or bunion condition?
What would you do for a painful great toe?
Why do corns form?
How would you relieve painful corns?
Why are there callouses on the sole?
What is the treatment for Chilblains?
What is the cause of ingrowing toe nails?
What is the proper care for the feet?
How do you measure feet for shoes?
Students having completed the above review ques-
tions will now write to American School of Practi-
pedics, 211 W. Schiller Street, Chicago, for final ex-
amination papers.
129
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
Anatomical Models
At a tremendous expense we have arranged
with one of the foremost anatomists to de-
sign and construct nature-like
models of the foot and leg. They
are made of papier mache, exactly
reproducing the parts of dissec-
tion of the humanfoot. The vari-
ous structures are
beautifully c o 1 -
ored and repre-
sent the natural
tissues. They are
of great advan-
tage to the stu- 1
dent in the study
of the foot.
Many different
models to select
from.
Write for complete sixteen page catalog of
Anatomical Models of the human foot and
leg, mailed free.
THE SCHOLL MFG. CO., Inc.
213 West Schiller Street, Chicago
62 West 14th Street, New York City
112 Adelaide Street East, Toronto
130
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
WORLD'S LARGEST AND MOST
COMPLETE HEADQUARTERS
FOR FOOT COMFORT
B^^Nfe,
mmii wit ua*. J *.*
Here you see the plant of the world's
largest manufacturers and distributors of
Foot Comfort Appliances and Remedies
for the relief of and comfort for the feet.
We occupy over 100,000 feet of floor space
in the above daylight factory, containing
all the manufacturing departments, chem-
ical laboratories and general offices.
Students are cordially invited to call and
visit our headquarters when visiting Chi-
cago, or any of our branch offices in the
principal cities throughout the world.
Write for catalog and complete price list.
THE SCHOLL MFG. CO., Inc.
213 West Schiller Street, Chicago
112 Adelaide Street, East, Toronto
62 West 14th Street, New York City
Granville Square, W. C. 1, London
131
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
THE GOODS YOU NEED IN
PRACTIPEDIC WORK
WHAT THEY WILL DO
Dr. ScholFs Tru-Span Arch Support
For heavy weight people and severe case*.
Dr. Scholl's Tri-Spring Arch Support
For flat-foot, broken arch and severe cases — heavy people.
Dr. Scholl's Foot-Eazer
For easing and restoring the feet to healthy condition. For
holding up the arch. For tired feet, callouses, weak ankles.
Dr. Scholl's Anterior Metatarsal Arch Support No. 1
For weakened transverse arch, cramped toes, callouses
and cramplike pains.
Dr. Scholl's Anterior Metatarsal Arch Support No. 2
Same as No. 1 without flange and for use where there is
no longitudinal weakness.
Dr. Scholl's Anterior Metatarsal Arch Support No. 3
For Metatarsalgia or painful Morton's Toe, where weak-
ness exists in the longitudinal arch.
Dr. Scholl's Anterior Metatarsal Arch Support No. 5
For Metatarsalgia or painful Morton's Toe, where there is
no weakness in the longitudinal arch.
Dr. Scholl's Toe Flex
For straightening crooked toes and bunions.
Dr. Scholl's Bunion Reducer
To hide the deformity of an enlarged joint. Takes off shoe
pressure and reduces the enlargement.
Dr. Scholl's Digito Appliance
For Bunions and Hallus Valgus to act as a corrector and
protector.
Dr. Scholl's Bunion Spring
To act as a lever and correct bunions and Hallux Valgus.
Dr. Scholl's Reform Arch Support
Made with side slits and hand drilled holes to prevent
cracking. Made in children's sizes.
Dr. Scholl's Uplift Arch Support
Light, easy support for mild cases of flat and weak foot.
Dr. Scholl's Absorbo Pads
For corns, tender Joints and callouses. Made of rubber in
all sizes.
Dr. Scholl's Fixo Corn Plasters
For hard corns, quick relief sure removal.
Dr. Scholl's Walk-Strate Heel Pad
Prevents crooked, run-down heels.
Dr. Scholl's Nu-Grip
Prevent slipping or rubbing in the heel of pumps, low
shoes and dancing slippers.
Dr. Scholl's Heel Cushion
To act as a cushion or bed for the heel to rest upon.
132
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
Dr. Scholl's Pedico Foot Soap
Thoroughly cleans and removes dry skin and stimulates
circulation.
Dr. Scholl's Foot Balm
For tender, burning, perspiring feet. Penetrating, cooling,
soothing.
Dr. Scholl's Foot Powder
To be used over foot and in shoe. Cools, deodorizes and
prevents blisters.
Dr. Scholl's Bromidrosis Powder
For diseased sweat glands and strong foot and body odors.
Dr. Scholl's Callous Salve
Removes hard callouses on bottom of feet.
Dr. Scholl's Right and Left Hose
Straight inside line and a perfect fit to natural shape of
foot.
Dr. Scholl's Ligtone Lotion
For aches and pains caused by muscular and ligamentous
strain.
Dr. Scholl's Corn Salve
For sore, inflamed, sensitive corns. Removes pressure and
friction and loosens the corn.
Dr. Scholl's Zino-pads
For corns, bunions, callouses and tender spots.
Dr. Scholl's Hammer Toe Spring
For straightening hammer toes and contracted toes.
Dr. Scholl's Arch Fitter and Hammer
For making individual adjustments of appliances to each
case.
Dr. Scholl's Anatomical Charts of Foot and Leg
One on osteology, one on muscles, tendons and ligaments
and one on veins, arteries and nerves.
"Dictionary of the Foot," by Dr. William M. Scholl
A great help to the shoe man who wishes to educate him-
self.
Dr. Scholl's Plaster Foot
Showing formation of bones with Foot-Eazer in position
supporting arch.
"The Human Foot-Anatomy, Deformities and Treatment'9
by Dr. Wm. M. Scholl
A Book that should be in the hands of every shoe man
and student of the foot.
Dr. Scholl's Shoe Size Detector
Registers inside measurements of shoes.
Dr. Scholl's Foot Measure and Shoe Size Indicator
Measures foot and tells length and width of shoe.
All made under the patents and formulas of
Dr. William M. Scholl, by
THE SCHOLL MFG. CO.
Chicago New York Toronto London
133
American School of Practipedics, Chicago
STUDY CHIROPODY
GRADUATE CHIROPODISTS EARN
FROM $5,000 TO $15,000 A YEAR
Shoemen and women real-
ize the great possibilities
of chiropody. Many are
making splendid earnings
in this new high grade,
dignified profession.
Illinois College, largest
chiropody school, now in
its fourteenth year offers
the student training under
a fine faculty and in the
greatest of clinics, where
over 16,000 foot cases are
treated annually.
Write for catalogue, en-
trance requirements,
courses, etc.
ILLINOIS COLLEGE OF CHIROPODY
1327 N. CLARK STREET, CHICAGO
WRITE FOR
OUR NEW
CATALOG
In addition to being a highly use-
ful listing of the Foot Comfort
Appliances and Remedies in-
vented and perfected by Dr.
Scholl, our latest catalog, just off
the press, will be found to contain
much information on feet, foot
comfort and shoes.
It outlines the great possibilities
of a Foot Comfort Department
and shows the reader how he can
make the most of his study of
Practipedics, turning his training
to profitable account.
Write for it. It is free.
THE SCHOLL MFG. CO., Inc.
Chicago New York Toronto London
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